Fragile X Syndrome Essay - 1159 Words

There are many forms of mental retardation. Webster’s New World Dictionary defines mental retardation as â€Å"a condition, usually congenital, characterized by subnormal intelligence† (Agnes, p404). Mental retardation can be caused by a certain birth defect due to a traumatic event during the mother’s pregnancy, or mental retardation can also be inherited. The most common inherited form of mental retardation is Fragile X Syndrome. Fragile X Syndrome was identified in the year 1991. This disability affects more males than females. Approximately 1 in 4,000 males are affected, however only 1 in 8,000 females are affected (Lombroso, 2003). Fragile X generates in the FMR1 gene. Fragile X is caused by an excessively repeating tri-nucleotide,†¦show more content†¦POF can lead to early menopause or infertility in females with Fragile X. Speech and language can be two strengths in girls with Fragile X. Verbal skills in girls with FX are also generally good with no speech problems. The area of conversational skills could be a weakness for girls with Fragile X (NFXF, 2005). There are many characteristics as you look at both the male and female side of the disability. One main characteristic is that many people with Fragile X also have autism, or possess many behaviors that are autistic-like (NFXF, 2006). Autism is defined as â€Å"a developmental disorder marked by impaired social interaction, communication difficulties, etcâ€Å"(Agnes, p43). About 2 to 6% of children with Autism have Autism because of Fragile X. About one-third of children with Fragile X have Autism (NFXF, 2006). Also, many people with Fragile X can be confused to have Downs Syndrome. The physical characteristics of Fragile X can be similar to Downs Syndrome. These Fragile X Syndrome 5 characteristics can consist of prominent ears and forehead, high palate, flat feet, and flexible finger joints (FX Syndrome, 2007). Although many characteristics are similar to Downs Syndrome, children with Fragile X have been found to have fewer mistakes in many areas of speech than the children with Downs Syndrome (Roberts, et al., 2005). Other characteristics can range from learning disabilities to moreShow MoreRelatedThe Genetic Mutation Fragile X Syndrome Essay922 Words   |  4 PagesThe genetic mutation Fragile X syndrome is the most commonly inherited form of intellectual disability. Because the disease was first studied in 1943 by British physician James Purdon Martin and British human geneticist named Julia Bell, Fragile X is also referred to as Martin-Bell syndrome. Though it was not until 1969 that scientist Herbert Lubs discovered what exactly causes Fragile X syndrome. He explained that those who obtain the mutation will possess an X chromosome with an unusual gapRe ad MoreCommunicating with Fragile X Syndrome Children Essay2092 Words   |  9 Pages000 males and 1 in 8,000 females are affected by Fragile X Syndrome(CDC)? Fragile X Syndrome affects does not only affect the young or the old but it will affect anyone of any age. Children who have Fragile X Syndrome can learn many different ways of communicating with others. Also there are many ways to help a Fragile X children become more socially active. There are many ways to help Fragile X Syndrome children to communicate. Fragile X Syndrome effects people of all ages from birth till deathRead More The Neurobiology of Mental Retardation: Fragile X Syndrome Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesRetardation: Fragile X Syndrome In my previous paper, I wrote on the topic of the nature-nurture debate and the ways it related to the brain-equals-behavior dilemma. In this paper, I will continue this investigation into the link between genes and neurobiology, but I will focus in on a particular aspect of the relationship: neurological disease caused by genetic aberration. There are many well studied and well documented (thought not necessarily well understood) disorders associated with the X chromosomeRead MoreEssay on Fragile X Syndrome1374 Words   |  6 Pagesmental impairment is Fragile X Syndrome. Fragile X Syndrome is a mental retardation that affects social, learning and intellectual disabilities. It is a result of a change and mutation in a single gene, which can be pasted on to future generations. Symptoms arise when the mutated gene, FMR1, cannot produce enough of the protein, FMRP, that the body’s cells need to function. The symptoms can vary from each affected individual depending on how seve re the gene mutation is. Fragile X causes symptoms suchRead MoreThe Genetic Mutation Fragile X Syndrome Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesThe genetic mutation Fragile X syndrome occurs on a segment of human DNA. Because the disease was first studied in 1943 by British physician James Purdon Martin and British human geneticist named Julia Bell, Fragile X is also referred to as Martin-Bell syndrome. Though it was not until 1969 that scientist Herbert Lubs discovered what exactly causes Fragile X syndrome. He explained that those who obtain the mutation will possess an X chromosome with an unusual gap. The gap located on the chromosomeRead MoreFragile X Disease Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesFragile X is a disease which severely influences the everyday lives of those affected by it. It is a disease which unfortunately limits an individual in several respects. Physical symptoms include an elongated face with larger than normal ears and feet. Additionally, the individual will have a d ifficult time interacting with others due to shyness and trouble with processing faces, thus encountering behavioral road blocks. Most importantly, the individual may have intellectual disabilities such asRead MorePrevention For Disease Control And Prevention1428 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished which may be accessible and available in the next years to come (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Treatment for Fragile X Syndrome FRAXXA, one of the leading companies that is in search for a cure to FXS does its best to extensively study and analyze fragile X syndrome. Although it is true that there is no cure for fragile X syndrome yet, there are now available procedures and intervention programs that are meant to control the progress of the condition. These breakthroughsRead MoreReflection On Fagile X Syndrome751 Words   |  4 Pagestwo presented over Fragile X Syndrome. I will be honest, most of this section will be from what I read from the slides (or past knowledge presented) because I could not follow that presentation—but I will talk more about why in the process section. Fragile X is the most common INHERITED cause of intellectual disabilities. It affects 1 in 4,000 males and 1 in 8,000 females. The reason it affects more males than females is because the syndrome is caused from a mutation on the â€Å"X† sex chromosome. SinceRead MoreWhat is Autism?1999 Words   |  8 Pages 5671). Fr agile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability and is universally recognized as the monogenic cause of Autism. The gene responsible for Fragile X Syndrome, FMR1, is located on the long arm of the X chromosome. It contains a CGG repeat sequence in the 5’-untranslated region that, on expansion to greater than 200 repeats, results in gene methylation and transcriptional silencing of the FMR1 gene. The absence of its protein product, fragile X mental retardationRead MoreThe Genetic Factors of Learning Disabilities Essay3049 Words   |  13 Pageslearning disorder that I would like to discuss is Fragile X syndrome. Fragile X, often called Martin-Bell syndrome for it’s the man who discovered it is a trinucleotide repeat disorder that is found on the sex chromosome X. Fragile X was discovered by Bell in 1943 after he examined a family in which all the boys showed signs of mental retardation. He discovered that the boys X chromosome he fo und that the long arm had become thin and fragile looking. Fragile X affects the genders separately due to its location

John Keats s On First Looking Into Chapman s Homer

An English Romantic poet by the name of John Keats was known as one of the best romantic poets of the 18th century for his excellent perspective on nature. As well as the relationship between man and nature. He allows readers to truly visualize nature in their mind when they read his work. John Keats’s poem, On first looking into Chapman s Homer was written in 1816. The sonnet tells the reader about how Keats compares his experiences to reading about Homer’s novel dealing with Odysseus’s experience of adventures around the world. Keats gives the reader a sense of how going to so many places does not mean that you have truly seen the world as a whole. You have a take a step back and look at the bigger picture to embrace and understand there is so much more beyond what you have already seen. There are parts of the world that you have not explore fully or discover. On first looking into Chapman’s Homer is known as an Italian or petrarchan sonnet. An Italian o r petrarchan sonnet contain an octave and a sestet. There are two rhyme schemes in the octave that goes as a, b, b, a, a, b, b, a. As shown in the first four lines of the poem, â€Å"Much have I travell’d in the realms of gold, And many goodly states and kingdoms seen; Round many western islands have I been Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold.† As for the sestet, it only has two rhyme schemes; c, d, c, d. Referring to the ninth line in the sonnet, â€Å"Then felt I like some watcher of the skies. When a new planet swims into hisShow MoreRelatedOn First Looking Into Chapmans Homer(C.a)1169 Words   |  5 Pages the free encyclopedia ------------------------------------------------- On First Looking into Chapman s Homer Much have I travell d in the realms of gold, And many goodly states and kingdoms seen; Round many western islands have I been Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold. Oft of one wide expanse had I been told That deep-browed Homer ruled as his demesne; Yet did I never breathe its pure serene Till I heard Chapman speak out loud and bold: Then felt I like some watcher of the skies When a newRead MoreA Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey, By William Wordsworth And On First Looking Into Chapman s Homer1190 Words   |  5 PagesSublime, as the keyword that guides the two major poems, â€Å"Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey† by William Wordsworth and â€Å"On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer† by John Keats, has helped both authors to express their genuine feelings. The word â€Å"sublime† is used when you have a great respect and a sense of excellence for something; â€Å"Of such excellence†, the feeling of awesome. The feeling awesome has a root word of â€Å"awe†, which means the feeling of respect for fear or wonder. The word canRead MoreAnalysis Of John Keats1078 Words   |  5 PagesThe Different Perspective (A Discussion on messages in John Keats poems.) John Keats was a poet in the 1800’s who was way ahead of his time. Keats left his indelible mark on literature. Even though Keats lived a hard, short life, it never stopped him from writing good literature. â€Å"He had no advantages of birth, wealth or education; he lost his parents in childhood, watched one brother die of tuberculosis and the other emigrate to America. Poverty kept him from marrying the woman he loved. And heRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesPress in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Oxford University Press 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford Universit y Press, or as expressly permitted

The Actual Real World in “The Heat Death of the Universe” Free Essays

In today†s busy world, many people get so caught up in their own ambience that they overlook all the other things out there. Some people seem treat their surroundings as if it were their own â€Å"little world†, creating tunnel vision to the array of the actual real world and all the things that occur in it. Pamela Zoline addresses this and many other issues in the short story, â€Å"The Heat Death of the Universe†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Actual Real World in â€Å"The Heat Death of the Universe† or any similar topic only for you Order Now This piece reports the abstract, somewhat crazy thoughts, of the world from an ordinary housewife to the reader. At first, these thoughts appear to be coming from a severely confused and mentally unstable person, with no point what so ever. Contrary to the evidence stated in the text, â€Å"Sarah Boyle is a vivacious and intelligent young wife†¦ proud of her growing family which keeps her busy and happy around the house† (192), the reader can see that the main character, Sarah Boyle, is quite unsatisfied with her place in life. This unhappiness stems from a wasted education, causing the apathetic housewife to resort to ceaseless contemplation, which shapes the life she has created for herself and the home she is trapped in. The fact that Sarah Boyle was well-educated is pointed out clearly in the first few paragraphs, â€Å"Sarah Boyle is a vivacious and intelligent young wife and mother, educated at a fine Eastern college† (192). This fact can be also be easily deduced by the reader after observing the knowledge Sarah presents and the vocabulary she exhibits, such as â€Å"ONTOLOGY: That branch of metaphysics which concerns itself with the problems of the nature of existence or being† (191) and â€Å"ENTROPY: A quantity introduced in the first place to facilitate the calculations, and to give clear expressions to the results of thermodynamics† (193). Clearly, such words are not ones that would be regarded as common knowledge or everyday conversation topics. The terms used by Sarah throughout the story lead the reader to regard her as some type of advanced science major. In addition to the vocabulary usage, the manner in which her mind functions and the habits she displays also guides the reader to the same assumption. Sarah demonstrates scientific thinking methods constantly; always making lists, noticing irrelevant and abstract things, counting and lettering objects, constantly pondering ideas and concerned with factual matters. Sometimes she numbers or letters the things in a room†¦ there are 819 separate moveable objects in the living room†¦ she is passionately fond of children†s dictionaries, encyclopedias, ABCs and all reference books† (193). Combining all these facts, statements, and observations the reader deduces Sarah Boyle as a scientifically educated, intelligent woman: Which leads to the question, why is Sarah a housewife? This thought seems to reoccurringly pass though Sarah†s mind as well. The mannerisms that Sarah Boyle displays evident the fact that she is unhappy with her position in life as a housewife; she feels that her education is worthless here, causing her to feel unchallenged and bored, which only leads to endless contemplation in the world she has chosen. The largest indicators of Sarah†s unhappiness are the notes that she leaves throughout the house, such as â€Å"Many young wives fell trapped. It is a contemporary sociological phenomenon† and â€Å"Help, Help, Help, Help, Help† (193). In addition to these notes, rarely does Sarah ever talk about her family; which is highly contrary to the expectations of the common housewife. When she does refer to her family, the statements are quite short, uncaring, and undescriptive. â€Å"Today is the birthday of one of the children† (192). Speaking of her family life, never does she mention a husband. Sarah only makes remarks of a questionable nature about her children, she doesn†t seem to display the motherly love or compassion one would expect; in fact, several places in the short story, the comment is made that â€Å"Sarah Boyle is never quite sure how many children she has† (196). This comment leaves the reader confused and, in addition to the numerous derogatory and confusing references made to children throughout the story, causes the reader to think that she doesn†t care for her children at all. Looking at some of the statements she makes, this is quite possible. In one situation she conceives the idea that a cereal may cause cancer, â€Å"Perhaps something is terrible wrong with the cereal†¦ Perhaps it causes a special, cruel Cancer in little children†¦ she imagines in her mind†s eye the headlines†¦ † (192). Irregardless of this idea, she excessively feeds the children the cereal â€Å"great yellow heaps of it† (192) and even goes out to the store to buy more â€Å"shopping in the supermarket†¦ a box of Sugar Frosted Flakes†. These facts combine to produce the result that she does not care if her children get cancer. Also, Sarah feels that â€Å"housework is never completed† (197), resulting in a never-ending task, that eventually drives her insane. All evidence in mind, it becomes clear that she is unhappy as a housewife, causing her to constantly create crazy ideas with her unapplied education, driving herself into an unstable mental state. With no appropriate way to apply the education Sarah has received, she resorts to using it in the only place she has as an option, her home. She starts to devise a parallel between her house and the universe. She falls back on her education and implements the theory of entropy and the â€Å"heat death of the Universe† into her own homemaking skills. According to these theories combined, â€Å"The total ENTROPY of the Universe therefore is increasing, tending towards a maximum, corresponding to complete disorder of the particles in it†¦ he Universe constitutes a thermodynamically closed system, and if this were true it would mean that a time just finally come when the Universe â€Å"unwinds† itself, no energy being available for use† (200). Sarah applies this theory in her housekeeping techniques, thinking that the more organized she is, the less disorder she creates. Therefore, she is not contributing to entropy in her own Universe, her house. Keeping entropy at a constant therefore would not contribute to the â€Å"heat death of the Universe†. Evidently, this abstract thinking is indicating some mental problems. At the end of the short story, Sarah displays a mental breakdown, combining all the unexplainable ideas that float though her mind in a physical and mental explosion. Throughout this short story, Pamela Zoline effectively addresses many relevant issues in today†s society. Through a common housewife, Sarah Boyle, the reader can observe the daily trauma and feeling of worthlessness that one may experience at what it can result in. How to cite The Actual Real World in â€Å"The Heat Death of the Universe†, Papers

Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Architecture

Question: Appraise the current major systems and architecture of the chosen organization. Provide an overview of the enterprise architecture that is suitable for a nontechnical audience. The overview must identify the key areas of the organization that can benefit from the application of an enterprise architecture analysis. Compare and contrast at least 2 architectural models that might be suitable for your selected organization. Answer: Introduction Architecture of the system represents the set of earliest design decision that are most difficult to get right and most critical to change. Architecture is the design artefact that addresses the goals of the system such as the reliability, security, modifiability, usability and real time performance (Abd-El-Barr El-Rewini, 2005). The system describes the structure and serves communication route among the stakeholders such as managers, developers, users, maintainers, marketers, customers, testers and the one who invested in the use and development of the system. The architecture evaluation method is the part of development cycle. Main text Current major systems and architecture of the organization Organisation architecture is a technology and management practice is devoted to improve the performance of the organisation and enabling the organisation to see themselves in term of integrated and holistic view of their business practices, strategic direction, technology resources and information flows (Allen Henn, 2007). The organisation architecture supports the planning and decision making of the management by cording the views of entire organisation. The system develops future and current version to integrate views and managing the transition form of current to the future operating states. The structure is frame worked for the planning, development and analysis of all the resources of the organisation. Enterprise architecture for the nontechnical audience The organisation enterprise defines how the models at different level are related to each other. The description of the model needs to be understandableto the non technical audience. The balance need to be struck to develop the artefacts that can be used to provide the required technical information to the non technical audience (Eeckhout, 2010). The enterprise architecture should allow the audience to communicate with the organisation and providing the sets of documents regarding companys performance, market share and market strategy of the organisation. This would help the organisation and allows the audience to understand the impact of IT investment and decisions. The key areas of the organization that can benefit from the application of an enterprise architecture analysis The success of the organisation architecture is bound to the implementation of the effective governance mechanisms that tends to carry the risk of failure for the architecture projects (Kowalski, 2011). The architecture analysis plays key role in the organisation in the areas of, Leadership Investment Processes Policies and principle Measurement Enabling tools The dimensions of the organisation are leadership and investment are the critical to embed the functions within the corporate system and the four dimension policies and principle; measurement, enabling tool and processes are indispensable to make the work effectively for the organisation. Architecturalmodel for the organisation The architectural model of the organisation concerned with the learning tools/techniques to visualize the information to create trendy information graphics giving information sources and solid conceptual structure (Eeckhout, 2010). Conceptual design Information graphics are from the company and synthesis different pieces of the content from the various sources. The synthesis of the information sources involves the decision to define information architecture model of the information graphic and figuring out the structure including the master plan for the company and hierarchyof information (Kowalski, 2011). Prototype design The design targets to visualize the information that are already synthesized and organised based on information of architectural model organisation rationale, information, structure and hierarchies. The prototype design is most suitable for the organisation as they are perceived as the super signs referred as the visual components (Allen Henn, 2007). The information graphics are organised to compose the visual structure based on the information architectural model. References Abd-El-Barr, M., El-Rewini, H. (2005).Fundamentals of computer organization and architecture. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Allen, T., Henn, G. (2007).The organization and architecture of innovation. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Eeckhout, L. (2010).Computer architecture performance evaluation methods. [San Rafael, Calif.]: Morgan Claypool Publishers. Kowalski, G. (2011).Information retrieval architecture and algorithms. New York: Springer.

The Literature of the Americas II Test Flashcard

The Literature of the Americas II Test

Biography of Tipu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore

Biography of Tipu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore Tipu Sultan (November 20, 1750–May 4, 1799) is remembered by many in India and Pakistan as a heroic freedom fighter and warrior-king. He was the last ruler in India strong enough to dictate terms to the British East India Company. Known as the Tiger of Mysore, he fought long and hard, although ultimately unsuccessfully, to preserve his countrys independence. Fast Facts: Tipu Sultan Known For:  He is remembered in India and Pakistan as a warrior-king who fought brilliantly for his countrys independence from Britain.Also Known As:  Fath Ali, Tiger of MysoreBorn:  November 20, 1750 in Mysore, IndiaParents: Hyder Ali and Fatima Fakhr-un-NisaDied:  May 4, 1799 in Seringapatam, Mysore, IndiaEducation: Extensive tutoringSpouse(s): Many wives, including Sindh Sahiba  Children: Unnamed sons, two of whom were held hostage by the BritishNotable Quote: To live like a lion for a day is far better than to live for a hundred years like a jackal. Early Life Tipu Sultan was born on November 20, 1750, to military officer Hyder Ali of the Kingdom of Mysore and his wife, Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa. They named him Fath Ali but also called him Tipu Sultan after a local Muslim saint, Tipu Mastan Aulia. His father Hyder Ali was an able soldier and won such a complete victory against an invading force of Marathas in 1758 that Mysore was able to absorb the Marathan homelands. As a result, Hyder Ali became the commander-in-chief of Mysores army, later the Sultan, and by 1761 he was the outright ruler of the kingdom. While his father rose to fame and prominence, young Tipu Sultan was receiving an education from the finest tutors available. He studied such subjects as riding, swordsmanship, shooting, Koranic studies, Islamic jurisprudence, and languages such as Urdu, Persian, and Arabic. Tipu Sultan also studied military strategy and tactics under French officers from an early age, since his father was allied with the French in southern India. In 1766 when Tipu Sultan was just 15 years old, he got the chance to apply his military training in battle for the first time when he accompanied his father on an invasion of Malabar. The youngster took charge of a force of 2,000-3,000 and cleverly managed to capture the Malabar chiefs family, which had taken refuge in a fort under heavy guard. Fearful for his family, the chief surrendered, and other local leaders soon followed his example. Hyder Ali was so proud of his son that he gave him command of 500 cavalries and assigned him to rule five districts within Mysore. It was the start of an illustrious military career for the young man. First Anglo-Mysore War During the mid-18th century, the British East India Company sought to expand its control of southern India by playing local kingdoms and principalities off one another and off the French. In 1767, the British formed a coalition with the Nizam and the Marathas, and together they attacked Mysore. Hyder Ali managed to make a separate peace with the Marathas, and then in June he sent his 17-year-old son Tipu Sultan to negotiate with the Nizam. The young diplomat arrived in the Nizam camp with gifts that included cash, jewels, 10 horses, and five trained elephants. In just one week, Tipu charmed the ruler of the Nizam into switching sides and joining the Mysorean fight against the British. Tipu Sultan then led a cavalry raid on Madras (now Chennai) itself, but his father suffered a defeat by the British at Tiruvannamalai and had to call his son back. Hyder Ali decided to take the unusual step of continuing to fight during the monsoon rains, and together with Tipu he captured two British forts. The Mysorean army was besieging a third fort when British reinforcements arrived. Tipu and his cavalry held off the British long enough to allow Hyder Alis troops to retreat in good order. Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan then went on a tear up the coast, capturing forts and British-held cities. The Mysoreans were threatening to dislodge the British from their key east coast port of Madras when the British sued for peace in March 1769. After this humiliating defeat, the British had to sign a 1769 peace agreement with Hyder Ali called the Treaty of Madras. Both sides agreed to return to their pre-war boundaries and to come to each others aid in case of attack by any other power. Under the circumstances, the British East India Company got off easy, but it still would not honor the treaty terms. Interwar Period In 1771, the Marathas attacked Mysore with an army perhaps as large as 30,000 men. Hyder Ali called upon the British to honor their duty of aid under the Treaty of Madras, but the British East India Company refused to send any troops to assist him. Tipu Sultan played a key role as Mysore fought off the Marathas, but the young commander and his father never trusted the British again. Later that decade, Britain and France came to blows over the 1776 rebellion (the American Revolution) in Britains North American colonies; France, of course, supported the rebels. In retaliation, and to draw off French support from America, Britain had decided to push the French entirely out of India. In 1778, it began to capture key French holdings in India such as Pondicherry, on the southeastern coast. The following year, the British grabbed the French-occupied port of Mahe on the Mysorean coast, prompting Hyder Ali to declare war. Second Anglo-Mysore War The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–1784), began when Hyder Ali led an army of 90,000 in an attack on the Carnatic, which was allied with Britain. The British governor at Madras decided to send the bulk of his army under Sir Hector Munro against the Mysoreans, and also called for a second British force under Colonel William Baillie to leave Guntur and meet up with the main force. Hyder got word of this and sent Tipu Sultan with 10,000 troops to intercept Baillie. In September 1780, Tipu and his 10,000 cavalry and infantry soldiers surrounded Baillies combined British East India Company and Indian force and inflicted on them the worst defeat the British had suffered in India. Most of the 4,000 Anglo-Indian troops surrendered and were taken prisoner, while 336 were killed. Colonel Munro refused to march to Baillies aid, for fear of losing the heavy guns and other material he had stored. By the time he finally set out, it was too late. Hyder Ali did not realize just how disorganized the British force was. Had he attacked Madras itself at that time, he likely could have taken the British base. However, he only sent Tipu Sultan and some cavalry to harass Munros retreating columns. The Mysoreans did capture all of the British stores and baggage and killed or wounded about 500 troops, but they did not attempt to seize Madras. The Second Anglo-Mysore War settled down into a series of sieges. The next significant event was Tipus February 18, 1782 defeat of East India Company troops under Colonel Braithwaite at Tanjore. Braithwaite was completely surprised by Tipu and his French ally General Lallà ©e and after 26 hours of fighting, the British and their Indian sepoys surrendered. Later, British propaganda said Tipu would have had them all massacred if the French hadnt interceded, but that is almost certainly false- none of the company troops were harmed after they surrendered. Tipu Takes the Throne While the Second Anglo-Mysore War was still raging, the 60-year-old Hyder Ali developed a serious carbuncle. His condition deteriorated throughout the fall and early winter of 1782, and he died on December 7. Tipu Sultan assumed the title of Sultan and took his fathers throne on December 29, 1782. The British hoped that this transition of power would be less than peaceful so that they would have an advantage in the ongoing war. However, Tipus smooth transition and immediate acceptance by the army thwarted them. In addition, British officers had failed to secure enough rice during the harvest, and some of their sepoys were literally starving to death. They were in no condition to launch an attack against the new sultan during the height of the monsoon season. Settlement Terms The Second Anglo-Mysore War went on until early 1784, but Tipu Sultan maintained the upper hand throughout most of that time. Finally, on March 11, 1784, the British East India Company formally capitulated with the signing of the Treaty of Mangalore. Under the terms of the treaty, the two sides once again returned to the status quo in terms of territory. Tipu Sultan agreed to release all of the British and Indian prisoners of war he had captured. Tipu Sultan the Ruler Despite two victories over the British, Tipu Sultan realized that the British East India Company remained a serious threat to his independent kingdom. He funded continuous military advances, including further development of the famous Mysore rockets- iron tubes that could fire missiles up to two kilometers, terrifying British troops and their allies. Tipu also built roads, created a new form of coinage, and encouraged silk production for international trade. He was particularly fascinated and delighted with new technologies and had always been an avid student of science and mathematics. A devout Muslim, Tipu was tolerant of his majority-Hindu subjects faith. Framed as a warrior-king and dubbed the Tiger of Mysore, Tipu Sultan proved an able ruler in times of relative peace as well. Third Anglo-Mysore War Tipu Sultan had to face the British for a third time between 1789 and 1792. This time, Mysore would receive no aid from its usual ally France, which was in the throes of the French Revolution. The British were led on this occasion by Lord Cornwallis, one of the major British commanders during the American Revolution. Unfortunately for Tipu Sultan and his people, the British had more attention and resources to invest in southern India this time around. Although the war lasted for several years, unlike past engagements, the British gained more ground than they gave. At the end of the war, after the British besieged Tipus capital city of Seringapatam, the Mysorean leader had to capitulate. In the 1793 Treaty of Seringapatam, the British and their allies, the Maratha Empire, took half of the territory of Mysore. The British also demanded that Tipu turn over two of his sons, ages 7 and 11, as hostages to ensure that the Mysorean ruler would pay war indemnities. Cornwallis held the boys captive to ensure that their father would comply with the treaty terms. Tipu quickly paid the ransom and recovered his children. Nonetheless, it was a shocking reversal for the Tiger of Mysore. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War In 1798, a French general named Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt. Unbeknownst to his superiors in the Revolutionary government in Paris, Bonaparte planned to use Egypt as a stepping-stone from which to invade India by land (through the Middle East, Persia, and Afghanistan), and wrest it from the British. With that in mind, the man who would be emperor sought an alliance with Tipu Sultan, Britains staunchest foe in southern India. This alliance was not to be, however, for several reasons. Napoleons invasion of Egypt was a military disaster. Sadly, his would-be ally, Tipu Sultan, also suffered a terrible defeat. By 1798, the British had had sufficient time to recover from the Third Anglo-Mysore War. They also had a new commander of British forces at Madras, Richard Wellesley, Earl of Mornington, who was committed to a policy of aggression and aggrandizement. Although the British had taken half of his country and a large sum of money, Tipu Sultan meanwhile had rebuilt significantly and Mysore was once more a prosperous place. The British East India Company knew that Mysore was the only thing standing between it and total domination of India. A British-led coalition of nearly 50,000 troops marched toward Tipu Sultans capital city of Seringapatam in February 1799. This was no typical colonial army of a handful of European officers and a rabble of ill-trained local recruits; this army was made up of the best and brightest from all of the British East India Companys client states. Its single goal was the destruction of Mysore. Although the British sought to enclose Mysore state in a giant pincher movement, Tipu Sultan was able to sally out and stage a surprise attack early in March that nearly destroyed one of the British contingents before reinforcements showed up. Throughout the spring, the British pressed closer and closer to the Mysorean capital. Tipu wrote to the British commander Wellesley, trying to arrange for a peace  agreement, but Wellesley deliberately offered completely unacceptable terms. His mission was to destroy Tipu Sultan, not to negotiate with him. Death At the beginning of May 1799, the British and their allies surrounded Seringapatam, the capital of Mysore. Tipu Sultan had just 30,000 defenders matched against 50,000 attackers. On May 4, the British broke through the city walls. Tipu Sultan rushed to the breach and was killed defending his city. After the battle, his body was discovered beneath a pile of defenders. Seringapatam was overrun. Legacy With Tipu Sultans death, Mysore became another princely state under the jurisdiction of the British Raj. His sons were sent into exile, and a different family became puppet rulers of Mysore under the British. In fact, Tipu Sultans family was reduced to poverty as a deliberate policy and was only restored to princely status in 2009. Tipu Sultan fought long and hard, although ultimately unsuccessfully, to preserve his countrys independence. Today, Tipu is remembered by many in India and Pakistan as a brilliant freedom fighter and as an able peacetime ruler. Sources Britains Greatest Foes: Tipu Sultan. National Army Museum, Feb. 2013.Carter, Mia Barbara Harlow. Archives of Empire: Volume I. From the East India Company to the Suez Canal. Duke University Press, 2003.The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-1769), GKBasic, July 15, 2012.Hasan, Mohibbul. History of Tipu Sultan. Aakar Books, 2005.

Analysis of Financial Service Industry Literature review

Analysis of Financial Service Industry - Literature review Example Besides having a stronghold in the financial service industry, Citi Corp mirrors the vision and goals of Intersect Investments. Benchmarking is the process of observation and validation of procedures and practices that the most successful companies employ. It is a process of studying and following time tested practices from well-performing organizations to improve your own performance. In other words, it is the borrowing of standards for success. This involves determining where you need to improve, finding an organization that is exceptional in this area, then studying the company and applying its best practices in your firm. Benchmarking systematically studies the absolute best firms, and uses their best practices as the standard of comparison; a standard to meet or even surpass. Through a comprehensive assessment of strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities of Intersect Investments, the management has realized that a lot of critical areas have to be reviewed if the firm is to achieve its goals and objectives. Issues range from redefining the organizational vision to devising a proper career incentive system for its employees. Sharing a similar organizational mandate, Citi Corp has fared a lot better in the industry particularly with regard to these critical areas. Citi Corp has long stood with its principle of customer intimacy and procedural simplifications. These principles have given it an edge over its competitors and made it one of the leaders in the industry for a long time. Given the nature of the products, services, and customer orientation involved, any business in the financial service industry cannot afford to ignore these basic values. Intersect Investments should do a proper visioning exercise and tune it properly to that of the Citi Corp. All the while, customer friendly services, and humanistic approach should be the cornerstone of the exercise. Employee turnover is increasing and the cost of employee turnover is expensive. Therefore, employee retention is critical. Numerous studies suggest that the majority of the workforce is considering leaving their current job for another as the economy improves. Based on this realization, Citi Corp strongly advocates employee retention and value system. Employee retention matters. A continual effort to replace departing workers-to keep the revolving door full, instead of stopping it altogether-is bleeding organizations dry. It is expensive to constantly replace people that turnover. The cost of attracting, recruiting, hiring, training, and getting new people up to speed is tremendously more costly as well as more wasteful than most realize. Second, productivity and profitability are directly tied to employee retention.