Intervention, Treatment, and Relapse Prevention Paper

Intervention, Treatment, and Relapse Prevention Paper BSHS 431 Yvette E. Williams University of Phoenix Leatrice Allen April 13, 2011 This in-person interview was made final April 7, 2011 with the interviewee, Mae Parnell, who is employed as a case manager at Haymarket Center, located as 120 So. Sangamon St., Chicago, IL. Mae Parnell’s primary job description at Haymarket Center is to coordinator the approach to the delivery of substances abuse and social and health services. She will also provide each client with connections to seek the appropriate organizations that will be able to assist and devote to the care of his or hers unique circumstances and to help him or her attain goals for him or†¦show more content†¦The individuals are referred either by social workers, The Department of Children and Family Services, family members, themselves or are court appointed into the detoxification unit. After assessment of each individual, he or she goes into either the women’s or men detox unit where he or she will receive quality care from certified treatment professionals. These certified professionals will help the individual identify the treatment plan for both in- and out-patients who will include group therapy on the disease concept. Each individual ‘who is admitted to Haymarket Center detoxification unit for the treatment of alcoholism will receive individualized needs assessment, individualized treatment planning, behavior modification, individual, and group sessions, housing, case management, physical, and psychological evaluation, follow-up care, drug testing on site, alcohol, and drug screening random and routine, education of HIV communicable diseases, HIV testing, GED classes, stabilization, self help group meeting daily, family counseling, job counseling, continued care, education of nutrition and involvement with a 12-step program. After each individual has completed his or her stay in the detox unit, that individual has a choice to reside in the men’s or women’s residential home or independent living. The residential homes are for men and women who still require additional treatment, which will help them to continue to support theirShow MoreRelatedDrug Taking Confidence Questionnaire : An Assessment Of Relapse And Treatment Essay1363 Words   |  6 PagesThe Drug-Taking Confidence Questionnaire: An Assessment of Relapse and Treatment Efficacy One of the most important constructs associated with the treatment of the addicted population is relapse. While treatment does occur with inpatient facilities, due to the prevalence of relapse with this population, much of treatment occurs in outpatient settings. Consequently, these treatment environments and models actively engage a client’s self-efficacy for continued sobriety. Sklar, Annis, and Turner (1999)Read MoreRelapse Prevention Plan Essay1065 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Relapse Prevention Plan Margaret Farley Grand Canyon University PCN 501 November 26, 2014 Relapse Prevention Plan Jed, a 38 – year old welder, enrolled in the treatment center after his arrest resulting from drunken driving (DUI/DWI) (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, n.d.). His lawyer has advised him to stop drinking and get treatment until his trial date, which is in approximate two months. Jed does not believe that he will serve any jail time, but feels that treatmentRead MoreThe And Progression Of Schizophrenia1592 Words   |  7 PagesSchizophrenia, Discussion, Criticism, and Application to The Onset and Progression of Schizophrenia LA14495 University of Maryland Baltimore County December 2016 Abstract The purpose of this paper will be to discuss the two-hit model of schizophrenia, including what it is, how it may inform treatment and prevention of schizophrenia, how it applies to schizophrenia for the duration of onset and progression, and how various primary sources support or challenge the model. We are finding that despite someRead MoreThe Issues And Problem Of Ricky1306 Words   |  6 Pagescame a year ago where he plead guilty to possession of a controlled substance and DWI. After, that he moved to Albany, New York to seek treatment for his Substance Abuse at Sunrise. Ricky and I will be working together to find a solution to this current situation, as well as treatment and intervention plan. That I will be discussing and analyzed throughout this paper. Assessment Drug addiction is a complex illness with compulsive drug and uncontrollable drug craving (SAMHSA, 2009). I have reviewed myRead MoreThe For The Illness Management And Recovery ( Imr ) Program1735 Words   |  7 PagesFoundation Consensus conference of National Institute of Mental Health staff, services researchers, advocate, and the schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team in Baltimore in 1997. It was there that it was suggested that the many psychosocial interventions for people be consolidated into one uniform program for dissemination (Mueser et al., 2006). The IMR program was co-developed by Susan Gingerich and Kim Mueser under the National Implementing Evidence-Based Practices Project in 2000 to 2002. TheRead MoreThe Quality Of The Two Programs For An Evaluation938 Words   |  4 Pagesof this paper was to overview some studies which examined the quality of the two programs for an evaluation. Two programs whose empiric background was researched in this assignment are Children’s Anxiety Treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy (individual and family modality), and Adult Opiate Abuse Treatment with buprenorphine and naltrexone. These studies have shown the effects of different treatments which involves buprenorphine and naltrexone formulations for relapse prevention and detoxifiedRead MoreChildren s Anxiety Center And Adult Opiate Abuse1003 Words   |  5 PagesChildren’s Anxiety Treatment Center and Adult Opiate Abuse The purpose of this paper was to overview some studies which examined the quality of the two programs for an evaluation. Two programs whose empiric background was researched in this assignment are Children’s Anxiety Treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy (individual and family modality), and Adult Opiate Abuse Treatment with buprenorphine and naltrexone. These studies have shown the effects of different treatments which involves buprenorphineRead MoreHeroin Abuse : A Growing Concern1484 Words   |  6 Pagesaged 18 to 25. In addition, the amount of overdoses in the United States has increased dramatically over the past decade, and does not seem to be coming to a halt anytime soon. There needs to be more of an unrelenting attempt and effort to target prevention for opioid abuse, dependence, and death. This article by Rudd et al. describes the statistics of drug overdoses between 2000 and 2014 in the United States, and highlights the dramatic increase particularly with opioid overdoses. The article alsoRead MoreDrug Addiction Problem1399 Words   |  6 Pagesto the â€Å"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime† (UNODC), about 5% of the global population used an illicit drug in 2010 alone, and about 27 million or 0.6 percent of the adult population of the world can be categorized as drug abusers. A7 2.This paper explores some of the measures that can be taken to resolve the drug addiction problem in the world. 3.Addressing various risk and protective factors, delivering developmentally appropriate information to target groups, providing material to help theRead MoreObesity And Weight Loss And Obesity1673 Words   |  7 Pagesproblems, such as heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure. Early prevention during childhood deceases the chances of the individual being obese during adulthood. Early prevention includes limiting the amount of sugary drinks, high calorie snacks, and promoting exercise on a daily basis. Obesity is a worldwide condition that has mental, physical, and social effects on individuals that are diagnosed with the condition. In this paper the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and

Upenn Supplement Essay Samples Help!

Upenn Supplement Essay Samples Help! The easiest way to think about a contribution, for the aims of this prompt, is to concentrate on ways your artist innovated, challenged or changed norms, or supported a continuing effort. Demonstrated interest is essential in the modern competitive admissions scene to stick out from the remainder of the pack. Of course, when you've conveyed a strong interest in one specific component of theater in another portion of your application, it may make sense to pick an artist who fits that interest. Therefore, make an effort not to neglect the world element of this prompt. If you're excited about going to school in nyc, make certain that you have a really specific reason that likewise ties to Columbia's opportunities. The strategic location of the University of Pennsylvania has made it simple for the institution to draw and retain fantastic professors. Unshockingly, given that Stanford has turned into the most difficult university to acquire into in the nation, this supplement is a doozie. Furthermore, University of Michigan's research program, one of the very best in the usa, will permit me to make discoveries and contributions as an undergraduate student. You can and ought to mention the specific school to which you're applying. The program also appears to have a vibrant undergrad community that you're able to write about. Maybe there's an internship or specific program that you just have access to through Columbia. Talk about research opportunities outside class. Demonstrating your understanding of the opportunities which make Penn unique is critical to completing UPenn's supplemental essay. There are lots of elements which make up a successful University of Pennsylvania application essay. There's no guarantee you will get into one, which means you need your general admissions essay to stand alone. A standard result can create a weak supplemental essay. To purchase essay online, you merely will need to fill in the application form and you'll get excellent work on the desired topic. He's produced a framework of things he would like you to think about as you compose an application essay. One of the absolute most important things to consider about this supplement, much like all supplements that lob a plethora of essays and short answer questions at you, is that every response is a chance to reveal something new about yourself to admissions. You must make the essay school-specific. If you believe the essay here is interesting, have a look at a few of the others. You will need to answer each essay prompt strongly if you'd like to get admitted to Columbia. As you write your very own supplemental essays, make sure to prevent common supplemental essay mistakes. Many schools request that you write about things you read, mentioning books more frequently than magazines. A financial course at the tenth grade is an excellent eye opener within the field of finance and management disciplines. Inside my experience, Quakers are genuinely delighted to respond to your questions whenever you have a shared interest. By way of example, I am thinking about a major in history, and am really interested in the mix of geographic and thematic regions of study provided by Duke's history program. AdmitSee has the greatest database of successful college application files to help you get through the admission season. Admission Essay Finance and management are disciplines that handle analysis and planning of financial resources that is an essential pillar in the growth of any nation. Saunders uses laser interferometry to analyze the growth of the middle-ear system, which is associated with the total procedure for hearing maturation and aging.

Discuss the role of the Inspector Essay Example For Students

Discuss the role of the Inspector Essay An inspector calls was written by J.B Priestly in 1945, it is set in the year 1912 but was first performed a year after it was written in 1946. Priestly cleverly devised his characters and has thought a lot about their reactions.  The inspector serves many purposes and has a variety of roles in the play. Again, the play is set in 1912 so the characters are form the year 1912, there is a big difference between the way the characters act and think and the way the audience do. This adds to the dramatic irony because the people in the audience know a lot more about the characters futures than the characters themselves. This adds comedy and humour to the play. We will write a custom essay on Discuss the role of the Inspector specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now An inspector calls is written on two levels; firstly the play was written to entertain. This is the more basic level. The play is of the mystery genre. A major role of the inspector is to add intrigue and suspense to the play. The inspector is a tall eerie character; this makes the audience think that he is powerful and mysterious. Priestly says the inspectors character gives:  An impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness  His name Inspector GOOLE makes the audience think of ghoul- an eerie creature, which is related to the mystery genre. The use of lightening helps to add more mystery to the inspectors character. The light before the inspector arrives is pink and intimate but when the inspector enters the lights change to brighter and harder colours. The changes of light represent the changes of mood. The inspectors character is in his fifties and speaks in a careful, considered way. He dresses in plain dark clothes. All of these create the impression of strength an d determination. The second level that An inspector calls is written on is the underlying level. This is the harder level. Priestly has socialist views; he uses this underlying level to portray them. In a way the play is a political battle between capitalist and socialist views. I believe that in act one of the play Priestly makes the inspector act, as he would have himself.  Birling has capitalist views. I believe that Priestly tries to make Birling out to be the enemy- in order to build on his socialist views. The evidence for this is when Birling talks of his employees as just cheap labour and also when he dismisses Eva for no apparent reason. The inspector questions the conscience of all of the characters. All of the characters react different ways. Sheila and Eric both react emotionally to the news about Eva. Sheilas manner changes during the play; at first she defends her family;  What do you mean by saying that? You talk as if we were responsible  A few lines on she is apologising for the hardships Eva had experienced. Sheila is open and honest about her involvement with Eva. She accepts responsibility for her actions and expresses her sincere regret. The audience feel that Sheilas regrets are genuine when she says;  Its the only time Ive ever done anything like that, and Ill never, never do it again to anybody. Gerald is upset and regrets his involvement with Eva. But I believe this is only because he wishes to get back with Sheila after. Sybil and Birling refuse to accept responsibility for the death of the girl. In general, the younger members of the family throughout the play show more sympathy and concern for others than the older generation do. Priestly is trying to say that if we are going to change society it will have to be with the efforts of the younger generation. In the play the older generation seem to be unwilling and dont seem to care about people less fortunate. .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2 , .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2 .postImageUrl , .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2 , .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2:hover , .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2:visited , .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2:active { border:0!important; } .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2:active , .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2 .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubb700ed5f920c046134418eb72ba1fc2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Choose two scenes from the play EssayBirling is questioned first by the inspector. The inspector asks questions like; I think you remember Eva Smith now, dont you Mr Birling? These question Birlings conscience. After the inspector finishes questioning Birling he questions Sheila, Gerald, Eric and finally Sybil. By the end of the questioning most of the characters are moved in some way- apart from Birling who in particular does not change his stance. All of the characters have unanswered questions that they wish to ask the inspector. This adds more mystery to the play and emphasises the build up of tension.  When the questioning has ended, the inspector has changed the w ay that Eric and Sheila think and see life. They are both upset and about what has happened and regret their part in the suicide very much. The inspector talks to the family very formally. He fixes them with his eye in a very disarming way before he speaks. This sparks suspicion in the family- mainly from Eric and Birling. Birling questions the inspector- this shows that he does not trust him. At this point the family are not sure if the inspector is a real inspector or not.  Throughout the play the characters create dramatic irony without knowing they have. Priestly uses dramatic irony effectively. Birling says that;  There isnt a chance of war. The world is developing so fast that itll make war impossible- this statement makes Birling look an idiot because two years later the Great War had begun. Also Birling quotes;  That in a year or two well have aeroplanes that will be able to go anywhereBirling tals of the titanic and says that it is;  Ã‚  Unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable- the titanic set sail later that year and sank on her debut voyage to America.  Birling talks to the three young people- referring to Eric, Sheila and Gerald and suggests to them that in;  In 1940 you may be having a party and youll be living in a world thatll have forgotten all these Capital versus labour agitations and all these silly little war scares- in 1940 world war two had begun. This is more dramatic irony.

What is the social responsibility of business free essay sample

Read the Debate on pp. 194-99 (Putting Customers Ahead of Investors by Jack Mackay, and Put Profits First by T. J. Rodgers). Write a 4-5 page argumentative essay arguing for or against this issue: What is the Social Responsibility of Business? Back up your argument with information from these 2 articles as well as using information from at least 2 other websites you have located. The support in your paper must be documented using in-text citations and a Works Cited page (MLA format). For proper documentation format, you may refer to these links as well as those found in the Webliography link under Research/Documentation. What is the Social Responsibility of Business? After reading these articles, I conclude that the social responsibility of a business is to make a profit. Both Friedman and Mackey were arguing the same thing, just painting the picture in different ways. Like the Rorschach inkblot test, they were both describing the same subject, with the same interpretations using different delivery methods. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the social responsibility of business or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unfortunately capitalism runs the world. Fact is, our society is built off greed and the true Social Responsibility of any and all businesses is to do the bare minimum to lure in enough consumers to be able to make a profit and grow. When I read Putting Customers Ahead of Investors by John Mackey (Chairman and CEO, Whole Foods Market), I was sure that I agreed with his entire philosophy. I realized that I was just temporarily consumed by his better marketing scheme. As I continued to read the other articles Making Philanthropy out of Obscenity by Milton Friedman and Put Profits First by T. J. Rodgers I realized that they were all saying the same things, had the same ideas, and the same goal; to make a profit. In his article Making Philanthropy Out of Obscenity Friedman says, â€Å"Strip off the camouflage, and it turns out we are in essential agreement (pg1). † talking about he and Mackey’s ideas on the social responsibility of business. This became more relevant as I read along. â€Å"At Whole Foods, we measure our success by how much value we can create for all six of our most important stakeholders: customers, team members (employees), investors, vendors, communities, and the environment. † (Mackey, pg1) All businesses adhere to these same rules. Without any one of these stakeholders, a business wouldn’t succeed. â€Å"It is simply good business for a company to cater to its customers, train and retain its employees, build long-term positive relationships with its suppliers, and become a good citizen in its community, including performing some philanthropic activity. When Milton Friedman says a company should stay within the rules of the game and operate without deception or fraud, he means it should deal with all its various constituencies properly in order to maximize long-term shareholder value. † (Rodgers, pg 3) Both Friedman and Mackey realize that a business cannot operate without each of its respective parts working together to accomplish a common goal. Within a business there are many departments. Each of their day to day operational goals may differ but the overall organizational goals remain the same. This is the same for the stakeholders. Each of them are important because they hold stake in the companies well-being. Every company adheres to their stakeholder rules in some way shape or form. Just like the different departments within an organization the goals that the stakeholders want achieved differ from one another but one common goal remains the same. Everyone wants the company to see profit and growth just as the departments within the organization strive for the same. Just as the cells in the human body do different things they are all a part of something much larger than themselves. Look at companies like BP. They cause one of the largest disasters in history and in return, to redeem their public image, they pour millions of dollars into relief funds. Then they spend millions more on marketing, advertisements and public relations to let their customers and stakeholders know that they are working to fight for what society wants them to do; to protect the environment in which they operate in. But, that’s still just the bare minimum that they have to do as they still continue to drill and put the earth at risk every day. Yet, as long as they make the public â€Å"happy† than they will continue to do business as usual. Not until pockets are hurt by their own actions will something change within an organization. â€Å"While Friedman believes that taking care of customers, employees, and business philanthropy are means to the end of increasing investor profits, I take the exact opposite view: Making high profits is the means to the end of fulfilling Whole Foods core business mission†¦ Just as people cannot live without eating, so a business cannot live without profits. But most people dont live to eat, and neither must a business’s live just to make profits † (Mackey, pg 6). They literally are saying the same things, just in a different way. Either way both have to occur. At the end of the day an organization cannot exist without initial capital. That initial capital is generated by investors not by customers. As much as customers are the heart of companies that pump cash into its bloodstream that heart would be useless without the brain that is the entrepreneur and investors. Because of that fact businesses try to keep a difficult balance between pleasing customers and pleasing investors. Investors care about bottom lines while customers can be wooed with glitz and glamour especially when competition is low within that same industry. â€Å"Toward the end of his critique Friedman says his statement that the social responsibility of business [is] to increase its profits and my statement that the enlightened corporation should try to create value for all of its constituencies are equivalent. He argues that maximizing profits is a private end achieved through social means because it supports a society based on private property and free markets. If our two statements are equivalent, if we really mean the same thing, then I know which statement has the superior marketing power. Mine does. † (Mackey,pg 6) It’s true; Mackey does have the better marketing scheme. He makes it sound like, although profit is still the goal, he puts his customers first, which would definitely lure in more consumers. It is all competition within this capitalist society that we live in. In reality, pure capitalism is based on the philosophies of self-interest and individualism mixed with an unregulated economy and private property. In capitalism, the motive for producing goods and services is to sell them for a profit, not to satisfy peoples needs. â€Å"Production is started not by what consumers are prepared to pay for to satisfy their needs but by what the capitalists calculate can be sold at a profit. Those goods may satisfy human needs but those needs will not be met if people do not have sufficient money. † (http://www. worldsocialism. org/articles/what_is_capitalism. php) It is this profit motive of capitalism that is at the root of most of the worlds problems today, from starvation to war, to alienation and crime. Every aspect of our lives is subordinated to the worst excesses of the drive to make profit. We are a greedy and selfish society. Truth be told, our real needs will only ever come a poor second to the requirements of profit in this capitalist society we live in today.

Free Essays on Viola Pallens

Viola pallens â€Å"Northern White Violet† This beautiful flower is a member of the Plantae Kingdom. Its Subkingdom is Tracheobionta. Division: Magnoliophyta, Class: Magnoliopsida, Subclass: Dilleniidae, Order: Violales, Family: Violaceae, Genus: Viola, and species: pallens. Viola pallens, the Northern White Violet, is a North American native perennial herb. It is an autotroph with five white petals, the lower ones veined in a deep shade of purple. The fragrant petals are under one inch long are not radially symmetrical, therefore the flower is an irregular shape. The leaves are bluntly heart-shaped, alternate, basal, simple, and pinnate. The leaves and flowers are on separate stalks, and there is a wide indentation at the junction of the leaf blade and the leaf petiole. The plant is a dicotyledon with adventitious rhizomes that run across the ground forming a network of flowers. The seeds are explosively ejected from the (fruit) capsule and then further distributed by ants. Viola pallens also plays host to caterpillars who like to eat the leaves. The leaves and flowers of the Northern White Violet are edible for humans as well. In fact, they are delicious and healthy. They contain a significant amount of Vitamin C and A. The flowers (and leaves) can be made into jelly, put in salads, boiled (for cooked greens), or dried for use as tea, among other applications. Early European settlers used violets for medicinal purposes. The settlers made poultices out of the seeds and leaves and applied them to treat swelling and inflammation of the skin. The violets were also used as children’s laxatives. There is no reason why this therapy cannot still be applied today for the modern hiker or naturalist. The Viola pallens blooms in March, April, and May. It can be found throughout most of North America except for the south central and southwestern United States. Its habitat is in moist woods, thickets, wetland, ma... Free Essays on Viola Pallens Free Essays on Viola Pallens Viola pallens â€Å"Northern White Violet† This beautiful flower is a member of the Plantae Kingdom. Its Subkingdom is Tracheobionta. Division: Magnoliophyta, Class: Magnoliopsida, Subclass: Dilleniidae, Order: Violales, Family: Violaceae, Genus: Viola, and species: pallens. Viola pallens, the Northern White Violet, is a North American native perennial herb. It is an autotroph with five white petals, the lower ones veined in a deep shade of purple. The fragrant petals are under one inch long are not radially symmetrical, therefore the flower is an irregular shape. The leaves are bluntly heart-shaped, alternate, basal, simple, and pinnate. The leaves and flowers are on separate stalks, and there is a wide indentation at the junction of the leaf blade and the leaf petiole. The plant is a dicotyledon with adventitious rhizomes that run across the ground forming a network of flowers. The seeds are explosively ejected from the (fruit) capsule and then further distributed by ants. Viola pallens also plays host to caterpillars who like to eat the leaves. The leaves and flowers of the Northern White Violet are edible for humans as well. In fact, they are delicious and healthy. They contain a significant amount of Vitamin C and A. The flowers (and leaves) can be made into jelly, put in salads, boiled (for cooked greens), or dried for use as tea, among other applications. Early European settlers used violets for medicinal purposes. The settlers made poultices out of the seeds and leaves and applied them to treat swelling and inflammation of the skin. The violets were also used as children’s laxatives. There is no reason why this therapy cannot still be applied today for the modern hiker or naturalist. The Viola pallens blooms in March, April, and May. It can be found throughout most of North America except for the south central and southwestern United States. Its habitat is in moist woods, thickets, wetland, ma...

Four Ways to Find New Markets

Four Ways to Find New Markets Youve signed up for all possible newsletters that promise to  introduce you to the magazine of your dreams one that pays well,  publishes fast and edits nary a word. Whats more, youve actually  tried all the magazines touted Or perhaps youve exhausted your permissible quota of stories that can  be submitted to these dream magazines. (Two in a year. Yeah, right.  What are you supposed to do for the remaining ten months?) Or perhaps youve sold first rights and would now like to sell  reprints to other magazines to make a quick, painless buck. Whatever the reason, you need more wonderful magazines to submit  stories to. Only, where do you find them? With more than 5,500 markets in my personal database, Ive become  something of an expert in sniffing out potential venues for  publication. Want to know my secret? Actually there are four: 1. Peek into your own backyard. Has your work been published online? Web magazines often have a  section that hyperlinks to other similar e-zines. It goes 2. Take a helping hand from your competitors. Diligently read the

References Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

References - Essay Example A reference can be the difference between getting a job, and being passed over for someone more qualified. One individual that was a reference for a sales candidate I had told me that the candidate was very meticulous and showed strong abilities in the laboratory. While this was great information, the same reference could have connected the candidate’s leadership, communication and organizational skills to the position to show how strong of a candidate the individual truly was. This would have made a world of difference! If you have applied for a position and given the employer your references’ information, call them and tell them that the employer may be calling for a reference. Explain to them the type of job that you are pursuing and what skills the employer is looking for from the potential candidate. It is usually best to ask the reference to contact you once they have spoken with the reference checker so that you know where you stand in the process and gain knowledge on what type of information the reference shared about you. When you contact the reference to prepare them, make sure that you take the time to remind the reference of your skills, background and what tasks you performed for the reference while you were with them. This information is not always readily available as people tend to forget. Keep in touch with the reference. If you have not spoken with the individual for quite some time, you cannot expect to receive the excellent recommendation that you are hoping for. Continue to build upon your strong relationship with that individual by staying in touch with them regularly. Usually, it is best to call or email your references every four or five months to check in on them and keep in touch. When you do make contact, ask the reference if there is anything that you are able to do for them as well. If you can help them, it increases

White on white and color in minimalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

White on white and color in minimalism - Essay Example The essay "White on white and color in minimalism" analyzes the abstract art and compares white on white art and color art in minimalism. All artists concentrated on expressive art that showed emotion and universal themes. They were influenced by surrealism that changed into a new style that existed in the post-war era and mood of trauma, anxiety, fear and death. Abstract expressionism was not easy to define and understand. Some artists preferred to use action painting while others preferred American type painting. The artists who chose to express their artistic work through the movement showed their subconscious through their art and shared an interest in Jung’s ideas on myth memory and ritual. Minimal art developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s in the United States of America. Minimalist sculptures and paintings consist of geometric shapes and other simple forms that occur in a series of arranged unit. The movement was also called systematic painting, serial art or ABC p ainting. This movement grew in opposition of the earlier abstract expressionism movement. Minimal art movement was interested in logical systems and physical principles that occurred universally. They favored the straight and hard lines of design and rejected handcraftsmanship. White on white paintings or sculptures is objective and representational. They limit artists to develop things that exist in the real world situation. A viewer must be able to understand the piece of the work in the perspective of the artist. This piece of art does not allow artists to develop new things from their imagination that cannot be representative of the existence. In addition, the artists are limited to white color paintings and sculptures. They cannot use other colors except white colors when developing their work. The white color must be the background of any artwork. White on white paintings or sculptures represents the ultimate minimalism. It is neutral. In fact, it is not considered as a color. It is usually used in the background of the artwork. White on white paintings or sculptures signify and show purity, cleanliness and light (Foster, 2000, 45). White paintings are made up of white oil and exhaustic wax that softens its texture. White on white paintings has white encaustic burnt substance that contributes to the dimension of white on white painting in space. At the start of the white on white art, muted earth tones were incorporated into the white to come up with simple designs. The muted color was reduced later (Foster, 2000, 98). White paintings and sculpture present art in the simplest way possible by eliminating things that can complicate or add other dimensions on a piece of art. It brings art clearly from its background showing every detail. Minimalism is about creating clarity and avoiding ambiguity. White on white paintings and sculptures eliminate aspects of ambiguity in art works by putting the piece of art against a clear background that highlights each de tail that the artist wants to display. Tara Donovan is an American artist who was born in 1969 in new York. She has a Master of Fine Art degree in Sculpture (Lewis & Lewis, 2008, 62). She is an inventive sculptor who works elicit wonder and imagination using some of the common objects in everyday life. Her sculptural works show a transformation of ordinary materials shaped into intriguing and amazing physical and visual artworks.

Tui Mod 6 Self Reflective Paper Essay Example for Free

Tui Mod 6 Self Reflective Paper Essay As I reflect back on the last two months I start to think of what I have learned while in OPM300, Introduction to Operations Management. In this essay I will discuss the following topics, what I learned the most in this class, something’s that I didn’t really catch on to and how I can improve. One important thing that I learned in this class is if you don’t have a good logistical support then your business can fail quickly. After spending numerous hours on research for Wal-Mart Stores I caught on to the fact that in order for that sore to be so successful the management has to know when to place its order for restock, stay on top of inventories and know when to get rid of a product that’s not selling. Without a good logistical support department Wal-Mart would surely fail. In Module 4 I didn’t not grasp the concepts you were describing on AON and AOA Network Conventions. I spent about an hour going through the slides and couldn’t grasp the process being displayed on the slides. Where these the answers to the previous slides concerning Pert and CPM? My research habits this past semester have been less than stellar. I would find my mouse clicking on topics that had nothing to do with what I was trying to research and instead of reading material on the topic that I was researching I found myself reading the news or sports. I am going to have to find a way to isolate myself and focus on the main topic and not get side tracked so easily. Over all I think that this was a great class. The material was all there and the Session Long Project helped me understand some of the Operational Management processes that happen inside a store that I would have never thought of before. References: 1. http://www.webhostingreport.com/learn/amazon.html 2. www.amazon.com

Clearly state what constitutes performance indicators? Why do people :: Economics

Clearly state what constitutes performance indicators? Why do people want organisations to produce these? Suggest your own type of performance indicators that Could be used with a doctor's surgery (general practise). ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL IN ORGANISATIONS 2003 Q. a) Clearly state what constitutes performance indicators? b) Why do people want organisations to produce these? c) Suggest your own type of performance indicators that Could be used with a doctor's surgery (general practise). d) What problems might arise when you try to use the Performance indicators that you produced in part c). a) The purpose of performance indicators is to evaluate and monitor how well a system responsible for providing a service is performing; to report this information in quantitative terms; and to direct the system's efforts and resources towards desirable goals. The fundamental problem, however, with defining what such a set of performance indicators should be made of due to there sometimes being a lack of consensus on what are desirable goals and, therefore, a lack of definition of what constitutes good performance. Performance indicators can consequently be measuring very different aspects of performance, yet they are all generally concerned with measuring the success of a venture and the success of the people who are managing it. As performance indicators are concerned with the measurement of the success of an organisation, and its management, you need to look at what success is to see what constitutes one. The obvious answer is that success is earning a profit and that the greater the profit the larger the success. Profit as measured in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles is, however, a somewhat unsure gauge of success. This is because profits can be kept up for years while a business is being milked dry by cutting down on research, maintenance and certain kinds of advertising, or by realising assets which have been steadily appreciating in value. Alternatively profits can be kept down by stepping up these expenditures and by declining to realise assets which have appreciated in value. Furthermore, what does "the larger profit" actually mean. If it simply means the greatest number of absolute pounds, then there is the criticism that a manager who has access to unlimited capital, with either a free rate of interest or a very low rate, can probably increase the absolute profit he shows by pumping in more capital, so long as he can show any return at all on it. If, however, it is measured by the rate of return on capital employed then is a high rate of return on a small capital better or worse than a lower but still satisfactory return on a larger capital.

Customer Relationship Management and Flight Attendants

Essentials of MIS Additional Cases 1 BUSINESS PROBLEM-SOLVING CASE JetBlue Hits Turbulence In February 2000, JetBlue started flying daily to Fort Lauderdale, Florida and Buffalo, New York, promising top-notch customer service at budget prices. The airline featured new Airbus A320 planes with leather seats, each equipped with a personal TV screen, and average one-way fares of only $99 per passenger. JetBlue was able to provide this relatively luxurious flying experience by using information systems to automate key processes, such as ticket sales (online sales dominate) and baggage handling (electronic tags help track luggage).Jet Blue prided itself on its â€Å"paperless processes. † JetBlue’s investment in information technology enabled the airline to turn a profit by running its business at 70 percent of the cost of larger competitors. At the same time, JetBlue filled a higher percentage of its seats, employed non-union workers, and established enough good will to scor e an impressive customer retention rate of 50 percent. Initially, JetBlue flew only one type of plane from one vendor: the Airbus A320. This approach enabled the airline to standardize flight operations and maintenance procedures to a degree that resulted in considerable savings.CIO Jeff Cohen used the same simple-is-better strategy for JetBlue’s information systems. Cohen depended almost exclusively on Microsoft software products to design JetBlue’s extensive network of information systems. (JetBlue’s reservation system and systems for managing planes, crews, and scheduling are run by an outside contractor. ) Using a single vendor provided a technology framework in which Cohen could keep a small staff and favor in-house development of systems over outsourcing and relying on consultants. The benefit was stable and focused technology spending. JetBlue spent only 1. percent of its revenue on information technology, as opposed to the 5 percent spent by competitors. JetBlue’s technology strategy helped create a pleasing flying experience for passengers. As president and chief operating officer Dave Barger put it, â€Å"Some people say airlines are powered by fuel, but this airline is powered by its IT infrastructure. † JetBlue consistently found itself at the top of J. D. Power and Associates customer satisfaction surveys. JetBlue believed it had learned to work lean and smart. The big question was whether JetBlue would be able to maintain its strategy and its success as the airline grew.By the end of 2006, the company was operating 500 flights daily in 50 cities and had $2. 4 billion in annual revenue. Along the way, JetBlue committed to purchasing a new plane every five weeks through 2007, at a cost of $52 million each. Through all of this, JetBlue remained true to its formula for success and customers continued to return. February 14, 2007, was a wake-up call. A fierce ice storm struck the New York City area that day and set i n motion a string of events that threatened JetBlue’s sterling reputation and its stellar customer relationships.JetBlue made a fateful decision to maintain its schedule in the belief that the horrible weather would break. JetBlue typically avoided pre-canceling flights because passengers usually preferred to have a delayed arrival than to camp out at a terminal or check into a hotel. If the airline had guessed correctly, it would have kept its revenue streams intact and made the customers who were scheduled to fly that day very happy. Most other airlines began canceling flights early in the day, believing it was the prudent decision even though passengers would be inconvenienced and money would be lost.The other airlines were correct. Nine JetBlue planes left their gates at John F. Kennedy International Airport and were stranded on the tarmac for at least six hours. The planes were frozen in place or trapped by iced-over access roads, as was the equipment that would de-ice o r move the aircraft. Passengers were confined inside the planes for up to ten and one-half hours. Supplies of food and water on the planes ran low and toilets in the restrooms began to back up. JetBlue found itself in the middle of a massive dual crisis of customer and public relations.JetBlue waited too long to solicit help for the stranded passengers because the airline figured that the planes would be able to take off eventually. Meanwhile, the weather conditions and the delays or cancellations of other flights caused customers to flood JetBlue’s reservations system, which could not handle the onslaught. At the same time, many of the airline’s pilots and flight crews were also stranded and unable to get to locations where they could pick up the slack for crews that had just worked their maximum hours without rest, but did not actually go anywhere.Moreover, JetBlue did not have a system in place for the rested crews to call in and have their assignments rerouted. The glut of planes and displaced or tired crews forced JetBlue to cancel more flights the next day, a Thursday. And the cancellations continued daily for nearly a week, with the Presidents’ Day holiday week providing few opportunities for rebooking. On the sixth day, JetBlue cancelled 139 of 600 flights involving 11 other airports. 2 76 Part I: Information Systems in Hits Digital Age JetBlue the TurbulenceJetBlue’s eventual recovery was of little solace to passengers who were stranded at the airport for days and missed reservations for family vacations. Overall, more than 1,100 flights were cancelled, and JetBlue lost $30 million. The airline industry is marked by low profit margins and high fixed costs, which means that even short revenue droughts, such as a four-day shutdown, can have devastating consequences for a carrier’s financial stability. Throughout the debacle, JetBlue’s CEO David G. Neeleman was very visible and forthcoming with accountability and apologies.He was quoted many times, saying things such as, â€Å"We love our customers and we’re horrified by this. There’s going to be a lot of apologies. † Neeleman also admitted to the press that JetBlue’s management was not strong enough and its communications system was inadequate. The department responsible for allocating pilots and crews to flights was too small. Some flight attendants were unable to get in touch with anyone who could tell them what to do for three days. With the breakdown in communications, thousands of pilots sand flight attendants were out of position, and the staff could neither find them nor tell them where to go.JetBlue had grown too fast, and its low-cost IT infrastructure and systems could not keep up with the business. JetBlue was accustomed to saving money both from streamlined information systems and lean staffing. Under normal circumstances, the lean staff was sufficient to handle all operations, and the computer syste ms functioned well below their capacity. However, the ice storm exposed the fragility of the infrastructure as tasks such as rebooking passengers, handling baggage, and locating crew members became impossible. Although Neeleman asserted in a conference call hat JetBlue’s computer systems were not to blame for its meltdown, critics of the company pointed out that JetBlue lacked systems to keep track of off-duty flight crews and lost baggage. Its reservation system could not expand enough to meet the high customer call volume. Navitaire, headquartered in Minneapolis, hosts the reservation system for JetBlue as well as for a dozen other discount airlines. The Navitaire system was configured to accomodate up to 650 agents at one time, which was more than sufficient under normal circumstances.During the Valentine’s Day crisis, Navitaire was able to tweak the system to accomodate up to 950 agents simultaneously, but that was still not enough. Moreover, JetBlue could not find enough qualified employees to staff its phones. The company employs about 1,500 reservation agents who work primarily from their homes, linking to its Navitaire Open Skies reservation system using an Internet-based voice communications system. Many ticketholders were unable to determine the status of their flights because the phone lines were jammed.Some callers received a recording that directed them to JetBlue’s Web site. The Web site stopped responding because it could not handle the spike in visitors, leaving many passengers with no way of knowing whether they should make the trip to the airport. JetBlue lacked a computerized system for recording and tracking lost bags. It did have a system for storing information such as the number of bags checked in by a passenger and bag tag identification numbers. But the system could not record which bags had not been picked up or their location.There was no way for a JetBlue agent to use a computer to see if a lost bag for a partic ular passenger was among the heap of unclaimed bags at airports where JetBlue was stranded. In the past, JetBlue management did not feel there was a need for such a system because airport personnel were able to look up passenger records and figure out who owned leftover bags. When so many flights were canceled, the process became unmanageable. JetBlue uses several applications provided by outsourcing vendor Sabre Airline Solutions of Southlake, Texas to manage, schedule, and track planes and crews and to develop actual flight plans.Sabre’s FliteTrac application interfaces with the Navitaire reservation system to provide managers with information about flight status, fuel, passenger lists, and arrival times. Sabre’s CrewTrac application tracks crew assignments and provides pilots and flight attendants access to their schedules via a secure Web portal. JetBlue uses a Navitaire application called SkySolver to determine how to redeploy planes and crews to emerge from fligh t disruptions. However, JetBlue found out during the Valentine’s Day emergency that SkySolver was unable to transfer the information quickly to JetBlue’s Sabre applications.And even if these systems had worked properly together, JetBlue would have probably been unable to locate all of its flight crews to redirect them. It did not have a system to keep track of off-duty crew members. Overtaxed phone lines prevented crew members from calling into headquarters to give their locations and availability for work. JetBlue’s response to its humiliating experience was multifaceted. On the technology front, the airline deployed new software that sends recorded messages to pilots and flight attendants to inquire about their availability.When the employees return the calls, the information they supply is entered into a system that stores the data for access and analysis. From a staffing standpoint, Neeleman promised to train 100 employees from the airline’s corporate office to serve as backups for the departments that were stretched too thin by the effects of the storm. Chapter 2:of MIS AdditionalBusinesses Use Information Systems Essentials E-Business: How Cases 77 3 JetBlue attempted to address its customer relations and image problems by creating a customer bill of rights to enforce standards for customer treatment and airline behavior.JetBlue would be penalized when it failed to provide proper service, and customers who were subjected to poor service would be rewarded. JetBlue set the maximum time for holding passengers on a delayed plane at five hours. The company changed its operational philosophy to make more accomodation for inclement weather. An opportunity to test its changes arrived for JetBlue just one month after the incident that spurred the changes. Faced with another snow and ice storm in the northeast United States on March 16, 2007, JetBlue cancelled 215 flights, or about a third of its total daily slate.By canceling early, ma nagement hoped to ensure that its flight crews would be accessible and available when needed, and that airport gates would be kept clear in case flights that were already airborne had to return. In the wake of its winter struggles, JetBlue was left to hope that its customers would be forgiving and that its losses could be offset. Neeleman pointed out that only about 10,000 of JetBlue’s 30 million annual customers were inconvenienced by the airline’s weather-related breakdowns.On May 10, 2007, JetBlue’s Board of Directors removed Neeleman as CEO, placing him in the role of non-executive chairman. According to Liz Roche, managing partner at Customers Incorporated, a customer relationship management research and consulting firm, â€Å"JetBlue demonstrated that it’s an adolescent in the airline industry and that it has a lot of learning and growing up to do. † Sources: Doug Bartholomew and Mel Duvall, â€Å"What Really Happened at JetBlue,† Base line Magazine, April 1, 2007; â€Å"JetBlue Cancels Hundreds of Flights,† The Associated Press, accessed via www. nytimes. om, March 16, 2007; Susan Carey and Darren Everson, â€Å"Lessons on the Fly: JetBlue’s New Tactics,† The Wall Street Journal, February 27, 2007; Eric Chabrow, â€Å"JetBlue’s Management Meltdown,† CIO Insight, February 20, 2007; Jeff Bailey, â€Å"Chief ‘Mortified’ by JetBlue Crisis,† The New York Times, February 19, 2007 and â€Å"Long Delays Hurt Image of JetBlue,† The New York Times, February 17, 2007; Susan Carey and Paula Prada, â€Å"Course Change: Why JetBlue Shuffled Top Rank,† The Wall Street Journal, May 11, 2007; Coreen Bailor, JetBlue’s Service Flies South,† Customer Relationship Management, May 2007; Thomas Hoffman, â€Å"Out-of-the-Box Airline Carries Over Offbeat Approach to IT,† Computerworld, March 11, 2003; and Stephanie Overby, â€Å"JetBlue Skies Ahead, † CIO Magazine, July 1, 2002. Case Study Questions 1. What types of information systems and business functions are described in this case? 2. What is JetBlue’s business model? How do its information systems support this business model? 3.What was the problem experienced by JetBlue in this case? What people, organization, and technology factors were responsible for the problem? 4. Evaluate JetBlue’s response to the crisis. What solutions did the airline come up with? How were these solutions implemented? Do you think that JetBlue found the correct solutions and implemented them correctly? What other solutions can you think of that JetBlue hasn’t tried? 5. How well is JetBlue prepared for the future? Are the problems described in this case likely to be repeated? Which of JetBlue’s business processes are most vulnerable to breakdowns? How much will a customer bill of rights help?

Asset Classes Paper Essay

The mutual fund chosen is Merrill Lynch Global and the Dow 30 organization chosen is McDonalds. The asset classes for both the mutual fund and Dow 30 organization will be determined. The following will explain how classifications and the current investment environment impact organizational decisions concerning the composition of these portfolios. _Merrill Lynch Global_ Merrill Lynch (2006). Merrill Lynch is a company that helps individual clients achieve financial success. With a professional advisor, customers can receive a customized strategy with the customer’s goals in mind. It makes available to its clients a wide range of investment products and services. When selecting the fund that best suits the clients need, some key factors to consider include a fund’s investment strategy, risk profile, investment performance, and relationship to the overall asset allocation strategy and investment time horizon. _Class A Shares_. Typically, the most preferred tier of classified stock, offering more voting rights than Class B shares. Class A shares are designed to insulate management from the short-term swings of Wall Street, by allowing those in management to control a small amount of the equity of the company but still maintain voting power. These types of shares are not sold to the public and cannot be traded, which supporters say allows management to focus on long-term goals. Class A shares’ annual operating expenses typically include an annual asset-based distribution and service fee of up to .35% (Mutual Funds. 2006). This annual fee is used to compensate the fund’s distributor and firms like Merrill Lynch for shareholder servicing  and distribution-related services. Class A shares are generally more economical for investors who seek to invest larger amounts and have a longer term time horizon. _Class B Shares_. Class B shares typically do not charge a front-end sales charge, so all of the assets are immediately invested in a fund. Class B shares usually impose a contingent deferred sales charge (CDSC) which may be charged to shareholders who redeem Class B shares within a certain number of years. This charge declines over time and is eventually limited. Class B shares are more economical for investors who have an intermediate to longer term time horizon and have less than $100,000 to invest in a fund family’s equity funds or less than $50,000 to invest in a fund family’s fixed income funds (Mutual Funds. 2006). _Class C Shares_. Class C shares usually do not impose a front end sales charge at the time of purchase. All of the client’s assets are immediately invested in the fund. It is common for Class C shares to impose a CDSC up to 1.00% of the redemption amount during the first year or longer (Mutual Funds 2006). Unlike Class B shares which convert to Class A shares after a period of time, C shares generally do not have a conversion feature. Compared to Class A and Class B shares, Class C shares generally become less economical for investors who plan to invest over a longer term. Merrill Lynch’s compensation differs by share class. The fund share class specific compensation is the basis upon which Merrill Lynch Financial Advisors are paid. Some funds may set higher sales charges and asset based fees for a particular class than do other funds for the same class. Merrill Lynch policy sets a limit as to the maximum sales charges or asset based fees included in the Financial Advisors’ compensation formula based on the share class and size of investment to minimize potential conflicts of interest based on differential compensations (Mutual Funds. 2006). Merrill Lynch is a diversified financial services company. It can be expected to pursue additional business opportunities with the firms whose mutual funds Merrill Lynch makes available to its customers. _McDonald’s (MCD)_ The Dow 30 organization chosen for this paper is McDonald’s. McDonald’s was founded in 1948 and is based in Oak Brook, Illinois. McDonald’s Corporation operates as a foodservice retailer worldwide. It operates and franchises McDonald’s restaurants, which offer various food items, and soft drinks and other beverages. As of July 14, 2006, it operated approximately 31,000 restaurants in 100 countries (Yahoo Finance). McDonald’s change in cash and cash equivalents is a difference of $2,718,200. In 2003, the cash and cash equivalents were at $162,400 and in 2005 the cash and cash equivalents were at 2,880600. The total cash flows from financing activities was (1,736,800) in 2003 and 361,600 in 2005. The cash flows grew substantially throughout the three years (Yahoo Finance). McDonald’s Income Statement shows a revenue of 21.23B, and quarterly revenue growth of 9.40%, a gross profit of 6.32B, a diluted EPS of 2.22 and quarterly earnings growth to be at 57.30%. The balance sheet’s total cash in 2005 is set at 3.29B. The net income for 2003 was $1,471,400 then greatly increasing in 2004 to 2,278,500 then increasing a little more to $2,602,200 in 2005 Yahoo Finance (2006). The stock price history for McDonald’s shows Beta, a measure of security’s or portfolio’s volatility or systematic risk, in comparison to the market as a whole, to be at .92. In my reading for this past couple of weeks, I have learned that many utilities stocks have a beta of less than 1. McDonald’s 52 week low on September 21, 2005 was set at $31.31 while its 52 week high on February 8, 2006 was set at 36.75 Yahoo Finance (2006). Overall, McDonald’s has been growing since 1948 at a great pace. McDonald’s second quarter operating results was fueled by strong sales and margin performance worldwide. McDonald’s EPS compared to competitors is much higher at 2.218 with Burger King at .235 and Wendy’s at 1.056 (Yahoo Finance. 2006). McDonald’s has done an excellent job with their employees, stocks, investments, an  d all aspects of the fast food organization. REFERENCES Mutual Funds Investing at Merrill Lynch (2006). Retrieved on August 12, 2006 from http://askmerrill.ml.com/publish/marketingcenters/products/MF_DisclosureDocument_0406.pdf . Merrill Lynch (2006). Achieve Life on Your Terms. Retrieved on August 13, 2006, from http://askmerrill.ml.com/fa_front/1,2280,,00.html?pg=cnp. Yahoo Finance (2006). Retrieved August 13, 2006, from http://finance.yahoo.com/q/ pr?s=mcd.

How to Balance a Redox Reaction in a Basic Solution

How to Balance a Redox Reaction in a Basic Solution Redox reactions commonly take place in acidic solutions. The could just as easily take place in basic solutions. This example problem shows how to balance a redox reaction in a basic solution.Redox reactions are balanced in basic solutions using the same half. In summary: Identify the oxidation and reduction components of the reaction.Separate the reaction into the oxidation half-reaction and reduction half-reaction.Balance each half-reaction both atomically and electronically.Equalize the electron transfer between oxidation and reduction half-equations.Recombine the half-reactions to form the complete redox reaction. This will balance the reaction in an acidic solution, where there is an excess of H ions. In basic solutions, there is an excess of OH- ions. The balanced reaction needs to be modified to remove the H ions and include OH- ions. Problem: Balance the following reaction in a basic solution:Cu(s) HNO3(aq) → Cu2(aq) NO(g) Solution: Balance the equation using the half. This reaction is the same one used in the example  but was balanced in an acidic environment. The example showed the balanced equation in the acidic solution was:3 Cu 2 HNO3 6 H→ 3 Cu2 2 NO 4 H2OThere are six H ions to remove. This is accomplished by adding the same number of OH- ions to both sides of the equation. In this case, add 6 OH- to both sides. 3 Cu 2 HNO3 6 H 6 OH- → 3 Cu2 2 NO 4 H2O 6 OH-The H ions and OH- combine to form a water molecule (HOH or H2O). In this case, 6 H2O are formed on the reactant side.3 Cu 2 HNO3 6 H2O → 3 Cu2 2 NO 4 H2O 6 OH-Cancel out the extraneous water molecules on both sides of the reaction. In this case, remove 4 H2O from both sides.3 Cu 2 HNO3 2 H2O → 3 Cu2 2 NO 6 OH-The reaction is now balanced in a basic solution.

2016 MCAT Cost and Fees by Registration Zone

2016 MCAT Cost and Fees by Registration Zone Taking the MCAT is no easy feat, and paying for it isnt either, especially if youre a poor college kid working your way through undergrad. So, how much does this test cost? Good question. Heres the answer: Note: The MCAT fees below are only payable in U.S. dollars. The MCAT costs are divided into three zones: Gold, Silver, and Bronze. Read on for the benefits and costs of each. The Gold Zone If you take a peek at the MCAT registration dates, youll see that the Gold zone is the earliest zone in which to register, and registering early has its advantages! There is more flexibility for dates and locations, to begin with. And when you register in the Gold Zone, you can get a partial refund if you need to cancel for any reason. Plus, this zone offers the lowest MCAT fees all around. Registration Fee: $305Date and/or Test Center Reschedule Fee: $75 extraCancellation Refund $150International Fee: $95 extra The Silver Zone If you miss registering in the Gold zone, there are still benefits to getting in a little bit earlier. First, the registration fee does not increase at all. Plus, you can still reschedule your test date or test center if you need to. If you need to cancel, though, youre out of luck where your cash is concerned! Registration Fee: $305Date and/or Test Center Reschedule Fee: $135 extraNO Cancellation RefundInternational Fee: $95 extra The Bronze Zone If youre late registering for the MCAT, the good news is that you can still take it. The bad news is that youre going to have to pay a bit more for the test than if youd planned ahead. Registration Fee: $355NO Date and/or Test Center Reschedule OptionNO Cancellation RefundInternational Fee: $95 extra Affording MCAT Fees The AAMC does offer a fee assistance program (FAP) for students who just cant afford to pay the MCAT registration fees, but the benefits of the program vary according to which registration period you choose to use. Gold Zone FAP Program Registration Fee: $115Date and/or Test Center Reschedule Fee: $35 extraCancellation Refund $60International Fee: $95 extra Silver Zone FAP Program Registration Fee: $115Date and/or Test Center Reschedule Fee: $55 extraNO Cancellation RefundInternational Fee: $95 extra Bronze Zone FAP Program Registration Fee: $165NO Date and/or Test Center Reschedule OptionNO Cancellation RefundInternational Fee: $95 extra

What is meant by the term sustainable development How has this concept Essay

What is meant by the term sustainable development How has this concept contributed to the amelioration of environmental degradation - Essay Example Generally speaking, human needs must be met and economic growth must be nurtured keeping intact the available natural resources and environmental integrity (Willers, 1994, p. 1147). Requirements of both ecological balance and economical development must be satisfied. These conditions would be lasting forever or for a very long period. Hierarchial management of sustainable development is necessary and it must be able to result in the essential performance of main requirements, satisfying the various interests. It is essential to overcome the environmental pollution and its effect in aggravating the ecological situation which is a global problem (Ougolnitsky, 2009, p. 428). The concept of hierarchial controlled dynamic management has the chances of providing better decisions. The three constituents of hierarchial management are the administrative, economic and psychological. Private interests of organizations, aiming at short term interests, collide with the objective strategies of the global system (Ougolnitsky, 2009, p. 429). . This contrast in ideas needs to be solved by the hierarchial management which had better be a two tier management. The individual interests should be coordinated into a common group of interests with common objectives. Different methods are employed in the management: compulsion, impulsion and conviction (Ougolnitsky, 2009, p. 431). Compulsion is when a participant is forced to undertake or accept a common interest or objective. Impulsion is when the participant is offered the opportunities or economically advantageous background to promote the common interests. Both levels have common interests and both are equally committed in conviction. Compulsion is an inefficient method to produce a combined effort. Voluntary cooperation is evident in conviction which is actually a psychological approach and the best in the sustainable development (Ougolnitsky, 2009, p. 432). The

IBMs Use of Information Management Concepts Essay - 2

IBMs Use of Information Management Concepts - Essay Example The executive leadership comprises a board of directors. The key person is Virginia Rometty, the chairman, president and the CEO. Other key people in leadership include senior vice presidents in various departments including sales and distribution, marketing a and communication, human resources, General counsel and regulatory affairs, transformation and operations, Global technology services as well as research and solutions portfolio (McKnight, 2013). The practical use of key information management concepts that include: information systems guidelines, assessment, vision, the planning team and the strategic information systems planning process, strategic plan and initiative is essential in achieving the organization's goals and objectives (McKnight, 2013). According to reports on IBM performance, effective use of information systems requires the understanding of the management, organization and technology that shapes the systems Alignment of information systems is effective in the development and maintenance of information systems which supports business operations. This is essential for the improved performance of a business. The IBM performance is an evidence of its strategic position and capabilities, disciplined management systems and dedication of the IBM expertise. Embedded in every aspect of an organization, information management concepts play a critical role in initiatives of governance. Data in an organization is the greatest risk and value source. Poor management of data leads to poor decisions and business results. The ability to leverage trusted, clean data can aid organizations in the provision of better service which is driven by customer loyalty and spending of less effort in complying with regulatory policies. The effective leveraging of information, therefore, increases innovation through optimizing processes and people via creative utilization of information. Considering the ability for enhancing the availability, integrity and quality of data, effective governance aids mitigate risk and increasing the value of risks (McKnight, 2013).  Ã‚  

OPINION LETTER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

OPINION LETTER - Essay Example Employers respond to the employees postings on Facebook with the threat of work termination but they have to evaluate whether they are breaking the law or not by firing a worker because of the utilization of social media. In response, worker who have been fired because of the use of social media have filed complaints with the NLRB arguing that they have been relieved of their jobs due to the utilization of social media especially Facebook. Other workers argue that the organizations have put in place policies that aim to frustrate their personal freedom of expression. The report from NLRB reveals that majority of Facebook users do not consider possible outcomes before they make any inflammatory posting on the site and their remarks about a certain attract much attention than they had expected. Employers on their part are firing workers who post inflammatory statements on Facebook on grounds that they are tarnishing the firm’s name with their irrational remarks or in simple manner, acting unprofessionally on social media sites. However, what they fail to understand is that employees or workers ramblings might be guarded by labor policies. A good case study about Facebook firings is the case concerning the medical technician. Souza Dawnmarie remarked on Facebook in 2010 how she liked how the firm permits a 17 to become a manager. In this case, she was referring to her employer at the head office in Hartford. The company (AMR) though the use of number 17 meant psychiatric patients. The case was in December 2009. The case was Souza v AMR firm. Despite the fact that Souza commented from the confines of her individual computer during after work hours, she was later fired for allegedly making inflammatory remarks about the company’s boss. She filed the case to NLRB and in February 2011, informed AMR firm that its laws hindering workers from making negative remarks on social

Global Threat Cyberterrorism

Global Threat Cyberterrorism By inner government policy writers, analysts, and the public. The social and global tactics that terrorist cells use, the countries that support terrorist groups, and the policies and procedures that have been used to counter terrorist actions by the target countries are all becoming unmanageable, billions are being spent in security measures but the whole concept is untraceable and can easily change, it is essential to keep the publics confidence. The information age or the technological era is magnificently shaping the way in which terrorists operate; new technologies mean newer weapons with more destructive powers, more ways to cause death and damage. Not only the types of weapons and targets the terrorists select, but also the ways in which terrorist cells have cemented their internal structure and the operation of their organisations (Zanini and Edwards, 2001, p. 30). According to Zanini and Edwards, terrorist organizations are using information technologies, such as computers, telecommunication devices, software, and the Internet to organize and coordinate activities (2001, p. 30). Criminality and Cybercrimes are now continually originating from new technologies, such as the Internet, wireless communications, military sciences this all in all creates many challenges for law enforcement around the world (Sussmann 2000). Responding to Cyberterrorism and investigating computer-related crimes pose challenges for law enforcement, as well as the legal system. There are many loopholes with the justice system that enables those with malicious intent to evade capture. The internet can be of so much use to terrorists, first of all, the communication that can be done over the internet is endless and alot more harder to trace then conventional ways of communication. Electronic mail has become one of the cheapest, quickest and anonymous as well as effective ways of communication today, to communicate with any part of the world. So overall the terrorists of this world are able to use the internet as a platform to communicate and swap information and messages to further their cause. General information on targets like maps and instructions are widely available, terrorist organisations can make their own WebPages to promote their ideologies, distribute propaganda and recruit sponsors or supporters. As being a platform for propaganda they are able to reach the public directly and make their existence known in international circles. Terrorists can also obtain funds through the internet, using services such as PayPal and western union; people can deposit monies anonymously so it is perfect for terrorist organisations to operate. In recent times after atrocities such as September 11th and Afghanistan you have often seen terrorists put up film footage on the internet to promote their groups, when terrorist cells kidnap any westerners, they will publicise their crimes by recording beheadings and playing them live on news sites for the world to see. According to news reporters from NBC who have been abducted previously by Al-Qaeda, claim that within their fortress of caves they have large banks of computer servers, communications devices and mass storage data discs. Hamas are another group that use advanced technology for their cause; they reportedly use 128 256 bit encryption for their files and communications. The more a country is technologically advanced, the more vulnerable it is to attack against its infrastructure, at the last count the number of computers that the USA have installed is just over 180 million, at least 5 times the number that of Japan, seven times as much as in Germany and twice as many as all of Europe combined. US computers account for 42% of the worlds computing power, whilst China represents only a meagre 1% and Russia 8%. The objective of this paper is to provide a general overview of the research; First of all, we look at the critical concepts of this research. These concepts are terrorism, cybercrime, information warfare, and Cyberterrorism. Definition of the Concepts Terrorism Defining the word terrorism itself constitutes problems. The problems that occur when Defining terrorism is the difficulty to have an agreed upon definition of terrorism. In other Words, there is no consensus in the international arena as to what terrorism comprises. No statement has been made to clarify the concepts under which the terrorism heading falls into. The problem emerges from the fact that terrorism is solely a political issue which means A terrorist for one country could be a freedom fighter for another. Furthermore, as Laqueur claimed in 1977 â€Å"It can be predicted with confidence that disputes about a comprehensive, Detailed definition of terrorism will continue for a long time, that they will not result In consensus and that they will make no noticeable contribution to the understanding of terrorism. â€Å" While the statement seems to be vague in character, the true statement of terrorism is in fact much closer to the truth then imagined. Of course the Human Rights Act and other international agreements set the scene for the standards in terms of human rights; but the non existence of procedures for the use of responding to terrorism creates confusing, irregularity and severe turmoil. On top of this, any such effort that is taken by a country which is targeted by cyber terrorists may not have a desired effect since other countries may not consider that group as a terrorist organisation. In terms of legal stature, by not having any by laws as to what Terrorism constitutes, while country 1 may deem a specific act as terrorism, country 2 may judge the action to be a meaningless computer mistake. Enders and Sandler define terrorism as â€Å"the premeditated use or threatened use -of extra-normal violence or force to gain political objectives through intimidation or fear† (1993, p. 829). The US Department of State defines terrorism as â€Å"premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national Groups or clandestine agents usually intended to influence an audience† (1999). Classes of Information warfare Many authors have written substantial articles on the subject of Cyberterrorism and such activities, the subject itself is deemed to a very grey area with mostly myths and hear say, obviously hackers do exist and they can cause serious and malicious damage to an infrastructure but not all are convinced of their overall threat, many authors publish hard hitting texts to drive the point home that our world is at risk from this ruthless wave of technological storming.In his book, Chaos on the Electronic Superhighway: Information Warfare, Winn Schwartua, talks about the concept of information warfare in comparison to everything around us including politics, economy, power, fear, survival and harmony. He has even led claims that information warfare and information age weaponry will replace bombs and bullets, which are not restricted to the governments of superpowers (Schwartua 1996, p. 16). Schwartua also proposes the classification of information warfare. According to him there are three types of information warfare: Class 1: Personal Information Warfare. This includes attacks against an individuals privacy. Cyber attacks on the personal computer or wireless devices or use of private information about an individual are possible examples of personal information warfare. Class 2: Corporate Information Warfare. This classification involves large corporate companies of magnitude and focuses on the issues of competition between companies, industrial espionage, misinformation, sponsors, shareholders etc Class 3: Global Information Warfare. This type of warfare is â€Å"waged against industries† (p. 195). This level of warfare is waged by the most elite individuals through Internet and other computer network systems according to Schwartau (1996). According to Monge and Fulk (1999), the use of new age computing advancement and various wireless communication devices has led to the establishment of networks in three ways: Firstly, the new technologies have enabled terrorist cells to reduce the transmission time of their encrypted messages so that members of the organization can communicate faster. Secondly, new technologies also reduced communication expenses. Obviously before the internet, as the same with all of mankind, sensitive communication was done by either word of mouth or by coded messages. Not only have new advancements in technology visibly reduced the length of transmission time and considerable expense, but have also significantly increased the scope and complexity of the information due to the combined technologies. Terrorist organisations have now gained their own independence, whereas a time once existed where terrorist and fundamentalist groups were once linked with governments due to lack of financing now have the platform to better finance themselves due to the broader scope of the internet. Zanini and Edwards compare the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), who are considered to be more politically and hierarchical in contrast to the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) and al-Qaeda, these are considered to be more recent forming and less hierarchical groups more intent on bloodshed then political uprising. Dispersed groups find that the advantages of the new technologies eliminate normal problems gained through distance. In particular, using the World Wide Web for communication amongst the cells can not only increase the flexibility of peoples time. In fact, these technologies may enable terrorists to operate from nearly any country in the world (Zanini and Edwards, 2001, p. 38). We are seeing that terrorists gain momentous advantage from new technologies and that the world cannot prevent much, due to the general era that we are in, everyone has access to anything as long as funds are available. The internet provides the best and most effective communication dial-ups between the terrorist organization and its members. Weimann identifies eight different ways that terrorists use the Internet: Psychological Warfare, Publicity and Propaganda, Data Mining, Fundraising, Recruitment and Mobilization, Networking, Sharing Information, Planning and Coordination (2004). Different terrorist organisations have different causes so the web sites they setup can act with a purpose of a communication channel between the various members of the organisation, the supporters and those anonymous sympathisers of the organization, Through this channel, terrorist groups can broadcast their harsh messages to the world stage and have regular updates to their recent campaigning and recent activities. They often use the Web site to justify their violent sadistic murders and killings. These Web sites are a platform to the whole world and can lead to recruitment of potential supporters, and target population or government entities (Weimann 2004). In addition to being a communication method between terrorists and the public, advanced tools, such as; Cryptography Steganography These types of advancements are used by terrorists to convey their messages to the world around them. Here we look at these two tools in more detail; Cryptography Bruce Schneier describes the act of Cryptography as â€Å"the art and Science of securing messages† (as cited in Taylor et al., 2004, p. 29). The method is a process of â€Å"extreme strong encryption† of the data transmitted between sources to a target. Even though this technology can be useful to those in the private and public sectors it can also be an explosive and damaging weapon to hide information from law enforcement agencies. (Slambrouck, 1998). Denning argues that the threat to law enforcement and government agencies is widespread; she explains four ways that the encrypted data presents danger: 1) It will hinder the intelligence community from getting foreign intelligence critical to national security (Denning, 1997). 2) The intelligence community will have hard time retrieving vital Information about any given investigation, 3) It may avoid the law enforcement from gathering evidence to convict offenders, 4) The law enforcement community may be unable to avoid attacks or any harm. (Denning 1997) Members of the group Al-Qaeda have been using the newly advanced computer technologies to communicate and relay information to sub-coordinates around the globe, it has been heard in social circles that Al-Qaeda love the internet as they are able to keep in real time with all information even though they are based within caves in mountainous regions. According to some research forensics evidence that was collected and compiled after the September 11th attacks shows that terrorist cells often used the internet for their vigorous planning before the attacks. Overall the internet is a source of great value to all those who use it whether it maybe for a student at university or a terrorist with plans to blow up an airliner, information is free and in abundance. Terrorists especially from the Arab continent frequently upload their propaganda and messages via news channels as it is the quickest way to get publicised. Most commonly used is the Jazeera TV network, an example of the use of news channels by terrorists is the final message sent to Mohammed Atta of Al Jazeera by the two senior members of Al- Qaeda 3 weeks before September 11th, 2001 attacks, what was sent was a simple code that showed the four targets the Twin Towers, the Pentagon and Capitol Hill which were referred to as faculties† in the message. The communication said, The semester begins in three more weeks. Weve obtained nineteen confirmations for studies in the faculty of law, the faculty of urban planning, the faculty of fine arts and the faculty of engineering.† Many other political and terror organisations within Europe and America use an encryption program known as Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), an easily downloadable program that provides basic and stronger encryption to use within coded emails for intelligence sharing. Steganography Steganography is the art of hiding data within objects such as Documents, pictures etc files (Collin, 1997). It is a wide method used by many organisations as a simple way to hide information from those who do not have the clearance to view but it can also be severely exploited by terrorist organisations. This technology relies on â€Å"security-by-obscurity,† basically the person will know that a message is hidden within and once he accesses it he be able to read the hidden information behind the veil. From the exterior appearance, a picture would be entirely perceived as a normal picture, but an encrypted message can be extracted from that picture if the person knows where to look. Obviously there are some major drawbacks to technological advancements, computer memory is very hard to completely erase and often leave a trail for law enforcement agencies to use against criminals, For instance, in Turkey, towards the end of 2000, practically a thousand members of the radical group, Hezbollah, were arrested in a serious of raids and taken into custody, and allegedly about 20,000 pages of documents were recovered from computer archives (Aras Bacik, 2002). Fund Raising and Promotion In todays day and age, terrorists have so much available to them, websites are full of propaganda and due to the advancements in software language barriers are no problem to overcome (Weimann, 2004). The information that the terrorist Web sites usually give is usually about general history, their activities, their ideology and political statements, current news regarding their activities, as well as information about their targets, often they will also give out rogue information on targets which will get the security services into a twist, but this information is designed to mislead. The way in which the Internet is used to raise money by terrorist organisations is a good example as to how information technology can provide new ways to fund their operations. Cost of Cyberterrorism. Between 1993 and 1995, there were 40 threats made directly to banks in the US and Great Britain. It is reported that in January 1999, a investment bank paid roughly ten million pounds after receiving a threat against their computer systems, the hackers reportedly crashed a computer in order to show the seriousness of their intent, the bank gave in and paid them off, knowing that the authorities were helpless to act and if their systems did crash there would be alot more then 10 million pounds worth of losses. It is estimated that in United Kingdom, during the three years between 1993 and 1995, terrorists gained more than 400 million pounds (Statistics on Cyber-terrorism, 2000). The Security Industry Survey carried out in 1999 largely showed that the number of companies that were successfully penetrated went up from 12% in 1997 to 23% in 1998. Malicious code is used by hackers which attack systems is devastating as the code mutates and leaves systems vulnerable to attack. The most costly malicious code attacks were Low Bug in 2000 at $ 8.75 billion and Code Red at $ 2.62 billion (Wiederin, Hoefelmeyer, and Phillips, 2002) The consequences of cyber terrorist attacks are not as devastating as the physical terrorist attacks, at least until now. For example, cyberspace provides opportunities for e-bombs and cracking down a Web site but the ramifications of these acts seem less significant than the effect of a physical bomb killing hundreds of people in a matter of seconds, such as the bomb attack in Nairobi in 1998 and Oklahoma City in 1995. Regarding the potential attacks outlined by Collin, they would be difficult to execute, because of the human factor in these processes. For example, even if it is possible to hack an air traffic control station, there are pilots who have been trained to double-check unusual commands. Cybercrime Cybercrime can be looked on as computer-related activities which are illegal and or destructive, the sole object points at thievery, dishonest means of obtaining cash or leading others to stray by the attacking of infrastructure. Cybercrime can be conducted through global electronic networks† (Thomas and Loader, 2000, p. 3). Cybercrime can be defined as a crime committed in a cyber environment, including the Internet, computer networks, and wireless communication systems. In other words, cybercrime involves crime committed through use of the personal computer. Cybeterrorism is the word given to acts of malicious intent with the convergence of Cyberspace and Terrorism, networks, servers and computers alongside data storage are constantly at threat from unlawful attacks, for an attack to qualify under the Cyberterrorism heading it should result in violence against persons or property, at the minimum it shouild cause or generate fear. Acts upon infrastructure, economic loss, plane crashes and explosions are all forms of Cyberterrorism. Cyberterrorism and Cybercrime makes the job for law enforcement even harder ,law enforcement and policy makers already struggle under immense pressure to meet targets and maintain the peace proving a safe environment for the public. Due to the nature of cyber-criminals rerouting their trail through international countries, a response to such a malicious threat requires international cooperation involving participation of all concerned parties . However, society today is cased within the technological bubble, everything is controlled by computers and vulnerability emerges from increased reliance on technology, lack of legal measures, and lack of cooperation at the national and international level represents major obstacles toward effective and immediate response to these threats. In all the sheer lack of global peacekeeping in terms of responding to cyberterrorism and cybercrime is the general problem. Pollitt (1997) defines Cyberterrorism as â€Å"the premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which result in violence against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents.† Terrorists and cyber criminals will spend sometimes months to exploit vulnerabilities in a system, all the time remaining undetected and hitting key sectors including technical, legal, Political, and cultural, as well as defence. Such a broad range of vulnerabilities can be dealt with by Comprehensive cooperation which requires efforts both at the national and international level. Expert opinions suggest that cyberterrorism is split into three general classifications; Disruptive and destructive information attacks, Disruptive and destructive information attacks Facilitation of technology to support the ideology, and Communication, Fund raising, Recruitment and Propaganda Terrorist use for the Internet Terrorists use the internet for mainly communication, essentially covert operations and as a means for a new command and control infrastructure. Access to information via the Internet and the world wide net, as well as maps for target locations and applications that will help with encryptions and monitoring. Technical data is widely accessible on the net for weapons and bomb construction. Use of the internet as a platform for distributing propaganda on terrorist groups and causes, and related recruitment of individuals, Examples of Attacks In 1998, what was once known as the first attack by terrorists against a countries computer systems was when Tamil guerrillas jammed the servers located at all Sri Lankan Embassies with 800 emails a day over a 2 weeks period with messages such as â€Å"We are the Internet Black Tigers and we are doing this to disrupt your communications† The statement couldnt have been more true, everything stops, whilst security specialists comb the networks using off the shelve virus removers and other software to get rid of the spam. During the Kosovo conflict in 1999, NATO computer systems were targeted in a huge blitz by several eastern European countries in a protest to object against the bombings. Businesses and public organisations with ties to NATO were targeted and considerable money was lost in the turmoil. More recently Estonia was hit by a spate of terror acts from Russia in what is deemed a Cyberterrorism act of vengeance for the movement of a Soviet-era war memorial commemorating an unknown Russian who died fighting the Nazis. Government websites that normally received 1000 hit a day were getting 2000 hits per second, causing the servers to crash and be shut down for hours, even days and weeks. The public just think that a few guys with nothing better to do sit on their pcs and create viruses and mess around, but there is no actual threat to physical life but this is a myth, the business world and people within are often exposed to grave harm. Another example showing the problems of hackers infiltrating web sites and Web site defacement was between attackers from Pakistan and India. At the time of much unrest between Indian and Pakistani soldiers in Kashmir in 1999, both countries computer geniuses also fought in the cyber world. Pakistans experts hacked the Indian Army Web site www.atmyinkashmir.org and left anti-Indian statements about the Kashmir issue. The Indian Government, in retaliation, cut off all network access to the Web site of the prominent Pakistani newspaper, Dawn (Varma, 1999). Processes of attack Different forms of attack are available to hackers and those who wish to deface or destroy data, they use malicious code attacks: â€Å"Malware.† The term malware represents the combination of â€Å"malicious† and â€Å"software† (Furnell, 2000, p. 143). There are different types and processes of malware attacks. The common forms of malware attacks are viruses, worms, Trojan horses and software bombs. These are examined in detail in the following section. Internet worms or Viruses These viruses and worm programs are designed to imbed themselves within the codes of programs and lie dormant till the hacker requires them to destroy or shit down computers; they can hijack the computer and can copy and destroy email lists and address books. Communication devices such as mobiles and PDA are also hot items to target. Viruses: Brunnstein, Fischer-Hubner, and Swimmer define a virus as â€Å"a non-autonomous set of routines that is capable of modifying programs or systems so that they contain executable copies of itself† Furnell, 2000, p. 144). Viruses are malicious software that has the ability to replicate themselves, the virus will attach itself to other applications and software and slowly spread as infected files and disks are used by users. With every new host, the malicious virus inserts itself and executes its payload, they are often weird and strange warning messages or look like innocent files when clicked can wipe all the files from the hard drive (Taylor et al., 2004). A brilliant example of how a virus can be very expensive is the much publicised I LOVE YOU virus. ICSA, a computer security company estimated the cost of the I LOVE YOU virus to be up to 1$ billion (Miastkowski, 2000). Worms: Unlike Viruses, worms do not attach themselves to other software programs. They exist entirely as separate programs and they can spread themselves automatically (Stephenson, 2000, p. 37). Trojan Horse Trojan horses: Hackers and attackers will often use Trojan horses to gain access to important and highly sensitive data information, often a Trojan is used where access is restricted and the hacker is lucky enough to find a ‘Backdoor basically a loop within the code for access, for example, the targets password is captured by the dormant Trojan, it will replicate it, and forward it to the hacker. There are differences between viruses and Trojan horses, firstly the Trojan horses will not replicate or infect any other files on the hard disk. Secondly, the Trojan Horse can stand alone without any attachment to other applications and programs. And finally, the target source may not always be entirely aware of the fact that a maliciously intended Trojan horse was sent to him or her. Basically Trojan horses can be sent with under covert means where the intended target perceives it to be harmless, like an email attachment that looks conspicuous enough and looks safe enough. For example, the attacker may send a message that may be interpreted as friendly information for the receiver, such as a link to a competition etc Phlooding This is a new wave of attack used by hackers and fraudsters to simultaneously launch geographically distributed attacks that targets a businesss authentication or network log-in structure, with the goal of overloading its central authentication server, these attacks have originated from all across the globe, they bombard a wireless Access points (APs) with login requests using multiple password combinations which have the ability to severely slow down logins and critically interfere with broader network operations causing major security breaches. Security specialists reckon businesses with multiple office locations served by a single identity management server could be particularly vulnerable to Phlooding attacks. Malware Programmes such as the ‘Trojan Horse hides a malicious code within a document that will in turn collect usernames and passwords for email accounts amongst other information, These programs can download programmes without the user knowing and relay attacks against other computers remotely. An infected computer can be controlled by the attacker and directed to carry out functions normally available to the systems owner. Hacking Nowadays increasingly the method of attack most favoured is the art of hacking, to use the knowledge of codes and programming to access systems to find secrets. Government computers in Britain have a network intrusion detection system, which monitors traffic and alerts officials to misuse or anomalous behaviour. Botnets These are compromised networks that the attacker can exploit. Deliberate programming errors in the software can easily remain undetected, Attackers can exploit the errors to their advantage to take full control of the computer remotely. Botnet can be used to steal information from highly encrypted computers or to collect sensitive information such as credit card numbers by ‘sniffing or logging the keystrokes of the victims keyboard. Software Bombs This software acts like a bomb connected to a detonator, which may contain an execution of a program. The malicious code may be hidden in a program, and once the program is activated, malicious code becomes activated. For example, a sacked employee who feels dissatisfied with the employer who has access to internal software may upload and hide a software bomb in the companys payroll program. In 1992, an employee of the United Kingdoms Chilworth Communications was convicted of planting a logic bomb before his resignation in September 1990. The bomb was triggered in October 1990 and damaged important files that cost the company more than $50,000. (Larry Greenemeier, InformationWeek, June 12, 2006) Keystroke Loggers This is a device that can be fitted to the keyboard or an application that can be installed on the computer that automatically records every key that is typed on the keyboard, obviously all information such as passwords, email, basically anything that is typed on the keyboard will get logged and then accessed by the third party. Denial of service Attacks Overloading a computer system with data so that it can no longer function. This is the method allegedly used by the Russian hackers which targeted the Estonian government computers in May. Phishing and Spoofing This is a system of attack designed to trick an organisations computer user to reveal passwords and confidential data such as card details. Those that use this method impersonate a trusted source such as a bank or a well known service to persuade the victim to hand over the details in complete faith. IP spoofing: After overloading the system, an attacker can pretend to be an authorized system, while blocking the actual systems service. Since the flooded system cannot respond to the inquiries, the unauthorized system will receive all of the legitimate Computers packets (Stephenson, 2000, p. 46). Force Multiplier Effects Different types of Cyberterrorism may also be used to multiply Cyber-terrorists commit acts of terrorism simply for personal gain or sometimes out of boredom. A less known group known as Chaos Computer Club was discovered in 1997. They had created a simple Active X Control for the Internet that could trick the Quicken accounting program into removing money from a users bank account